层次分析法在大花蕙兰品种选择上的应用

运用层次分析法对大花蕙兰8个品种的株高、叶色、花色、花香、花径、花枝数、每枝花朵数、花枝长度、抗性、是否春节开花等10个性状进行综合评价。结果表明:所选品种综合性状表现优良,与生产实际基本相符,尤其是‘开心果’、‘韩国小姐’和‘欲望’3个品种,可在育种和生产上多加重视。     

不同社群序位布氏田鼠的繁殖行为

在实验室条件下观察了捕自内蒙古草原的不同序位布氏田鼠的繁殖行为特征。结果表明, 雌鼠对雄性配偶存在着激烈的竞争, 高序位雌鼠获得被选择、交尾及产仔的机会最多, 较低序位雌鼠若被选择并且产仔, 则其序位将随之上升; 高序位雄鼠对各个序位雌鼠均可选择, 且在繁殖期间对同性个体表现很强的攻击性, 以获得更多的交配机会。在社群繁殖中高序位雌、雄个体的作用明显高于低序位个体, 这是布氏田鼠种群长期选择进化的生存策略。实验支持了布氏田鼠为混交制、一雄多雌的婚配制度推论。     

2010-2019年不同海湾迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性变化对比研究

滨海湿地是迁徙水鸟的重要迁飞通道和主要栖息地,评估沿海迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性及变化态势能为栖息地的合理规划与管理提供科学参考,对迁徙水鸟的保护有重要意义。选择紧邻城市和乡村的深圳湾和雷州湾为研究区,在水鸟栖息地生态系统类型分类的基础上,通过层次分析法确定水鸟栖息地适宜性评价因子,设计栖息地、食物、水分、人类干扰条件及其子类的权重,对栖息地适宜性进行等级划分,分析比较2010-2019年迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性的时空分布差异,探索适宜性变化差异的原因并给出合理化建议。结果表明：（1）2010-2019年深圳湾有193.4 hm²强干扰区域转变化为中等及弱干扰;雷州湾有16.36 hm²的中等干扰转化为弱、无干扰;（2）深圳湾栖息地适宜性以中等适宜类型为主,2010年和2019年面积占比分别为83.74%和88.71%;雷州湾栖息地适宜性主要以较适宜和中等适宜类型为主,2010年面积占比为86.72%,2010-2019年面积占比基本不变,总体适宜性高于深圳湾。（3）2010-2019年,深圳湾不适宜和较适宜面积分别减少245.54 hm²和26.37 hm²,均转化为中等适宜类型;雷州湾有24.31 hm²的中等和较适宜栖息地转化为适宜类型。     

FAHP ranking and selection of pretreatment module for membrane separation processes in textile cluster

Recent development in membrane manufacturing and extensive application of membranes in effluent treatment has opened up a new water resource. The effluent pretreatment module plays a critical role in membrane performance. Appropriate selection of conventional and advanced pretreatment modules in membrane separation processes (MSP) is significant to the success of zero effluent discharge (ZED). This study addresses performance assessment of eight conventional and advanced pretreatment modules implemented for wastewater management in a textile cluster in South India. The comparative pollutant reduction, capital, operation and maintenance (OM) cost of pretreatment modules are discussed. The ranking and interdependence of the pretreatment modules were analyzed through fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) with MATLAB software.The pretreatment module IV ranked third with a composite weight of 15.46%. The integrated study of performance assessment and FAHP resulted in an optimum pretreatment module IV comprising the sequence of chemical precipitation, bio-oxidation processes (activated sludge processes) followed by chemical precipitation, to achieve the ZED. This study provides a techno-economically feasible solution for selection of an effective pretreatment module for MSP in the textile cluster.     

食物网稳定性机制研究进展:一个基于等级系统的框架

食物网理论沟通了群落生态学和生态系统生态学，将生物多样性和生态系统功能的研究统一起来，是理解生态系统运作机制的关键。自从1973年Robert May的经典研究引发著名的"复杂性-稳定性"论辩之后，人们认识到食物网的稳定性是其结构维持、功能发挥和动态演化的一个重要前提，并开始了对食物网稳定性机制的探索。早期研究主要关注只包含拓扑关系的定性食物网，但后来人们逐渐认识到相互作用强度的重要性，并提出了诸如自限性、弱相互作用、适应性捕食等一系列机制。本文系统梳理了过往研究中模块层面的各类稳定性机制和全网层面对各模块的整合机制，从而清晰地展示了"模块-全网"双层框架的全貌。通过在其基础上的扩展，进而提出了一个基于等级系统的食物网稳定性框架，并从动力学和能量学角度，对各层级内部的稳定性机制以及层级之间的关系进行了探讨，以期为建立普适的食物网稳定性理论提供一些思路。未来的研究方向包括：①将稳定性机制的研究从食物网扩展到更一般的生态网络；②综合考虑生物物理要素、动力学稳定性、系统对能流功率的追求、环境的平稳程度、演化历史等影响因素，从而得到关于食物网结构和动态的更为深刻的认识。     

The alpha factor and the conquest of Mexico: A study in ethological history

“Alpha behavior” affected human politics and social organization during the sixteenth-century conquest of Mexico by Spanish imperialists. The behavior of Spanish conquistadores is compared to that of other primates in the well-known studies of Jane Goodall and Frans de Waal. Parallels between Spanish and Aztec behavior are also noted so as to identify the shared patterns of behavior that cross human cultures and may be called primate universals. One of these universals is the alpha factor. It administers the social order through the ability to balance benevolence and brutality in order to maintain coalitions and the loyalty of subordinates. The alpha factor is expressed through display behaviors that vary with culture, but all cultures, including those of chimpanzees and bonobos, build around it. It may be tempered by the presence of female coalitions or of a bonobo alpha female, but it is a visible focal point of a society, thereby making display a necessary part of leadership.     

Towards an indicator of urban centrality? Exploring changes in present and resident population (1991–2011) in Greece

This study compares the spatial distribution of resident and present population at the municipal scale in Greece (1991–2011) with the aim to infer recent trends in urban expansion. The ratio of present to resident population is proposed as a proxy of urban centrality indicating variations in urban hierarchy over time. Results of the analysis outline relevant changes in the spatial distribution of present and resident population along the urban–rural gradient. Apart from the metropolitan areas of Athens and Salonika (which concentrate nearly half of Greek population), the density of present and resident population varied largely across time and space. Urban regions showed higher values in the ratio of resident to present population than rural regions. The indicator proposed in this study contributes to defining more precisely urban and rural areas and may integrate decision support systems for diachronic analysis of urbanization patterns and processes.     

Size-dependent variation of gender in high density stands of the monoecious annual,Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae)

Summary We examined the relationship between size variability and the distribution of functional gender in stands of the monoecious, wind-pollinated annual Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Populations of 60 individuals were grown in the greenhouse at a density of 372 m^–2 and at two nutrient levels. Among the surviving plants, after self-thinning, variability in above-ground biomass and gender was higher in the high nutrient treatment. Among individuals there was a significant positive correlation between maleness and both height and biomass. Fecundity was also positively correlated with both measures of size. Based on the pattern of distribution of male and female flowers within the plant, it appears that the increase in maleness in larger plants is due to increased branching and axis elongation. These results demonstrate that competitive interactions, which lead to increased variability in biomass and fecundity, can also generate variability in gender within populations.