不同水分条件下春小麦种群中个体大小不整齐性及遗传学分析不同水分条件下春小麦种群中个体大小不整齐性及遗传学分析

 种群内个体大小不整齐性是种群数量结构的主要指标。本文研究了不同水分条件下,3个品种春小麦种群个体大小不整齐性的建立及变化规律。对春小麦种群不整齐性的遗传学分析表明：遗传结构与随机环境修饰对种群数量结构形成的相对重要性,因水分条件不同而异。种群不整齐性在自然选择中的作用可用下列简单模型表示：CSo＝SH×hSH2 CSo：自然选择强度;SH：大小不整齐性;hSH2：不整齐性的遗传力。     

The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy

The Linnaean system of classification is a threefold system of theoretical assumptions, sorting rules, and rules of nomenclature. Over time, that system has lost its theoretical assumptions as well as its sorting rules. Cladistic revisions have left it less and less Linnaean. And what remains of the system is flawed on pragmatic grounds. Taking all of this into account, it is time to consider alternative systems of classification.     

The alpha factor and the conquest of Mexico: A study in ethological history

“Alpha behavior” affected human politics and social organization during the sixteenth-century conquest of Mexico by Spanish imperialists. The behavior of Spanish conquistadores is compared to that of other primates in the well-known studies of Jane Goodall and Frans de Waal. Parallels between Spanish and Aztec behavior are also noted so as to identify the shared patterns of behavior that cross human cultures and may be called primate universals. One of these universals is the alpha factor. It administers the social order through the ability to balance benevolence and brutality in order to maintain coalitions and the loyalty of subordinates. The alpha factor is expressed through display behaviors that vary with culture, but all cultures, including those of chimpanzees and bonobos, build around it. It may be tempered by the presence of female coalitions or of a bonobo alpha female, but it is a visible focal point of a society, thereby making display a necessary part of leadership.     

Developing an ethics-based approach to indicators of sustainable agriculture using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

This study was conducted to determine the strategies and ethics of sustainability in agriculture and food systems in Iran. To represent the points of view of 57 agricultural stockholders, including an ago-ecologist specialist, agricultural extension and development experts, farmers, and the Iranian Scientific Society of Agroecology (ISSA) members, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed. A hierarchical network was developed at two levels for selection from among the three ethical approaches, which were developed based on the general tenets of utilitarian, rights, and virtue models. The findings indicated that criteria, i.e. resilience of agricultural systems, supportive policies and self-reliance, and equity, are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture (SA) in Iran. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the critical factors affecting the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that virtue, rights, and utilitarian models have successive levels of priority as the theoretical base of sustainable agricultural development in Iran. Finally, we outline two strategies for developing a macroethics approach: informational strategies to consider the priorities of virtue model, and structural strategies to highlight the reinforcing nature of right model and utilitarian model.     

Ethnic minorities and brothers in arms: competition and homophily in the military

Although the solidarity of brothers in arms is an important feature of the military, when it comes to ethnic minorities there is a pivotal paradox. On the one hand the military aims at drawing boundaries between soldiers and civilians by blurring existing ethnic and racial divisions inside the military. On the other hand the military is a highly national institution which prides itself on conservative values. Can these contradictions work? And how soldiers understand them? This paper examines the construction of ethnic boundaries in inter-group relations by focusing on the tension between ethnic hierarchy and competition versus homophily – the preference for maintaining ties with persons who are similar. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with Dutch soldiers before and during deployment in Bosnia and Kosovo I ask when each strategy is put into work and why.     

The evolution of inequality

Understanding how systems of political and economic inequality evolved from relatively egalitarian origins has long been a focus of anthropological inquiry. Many hypotheses have been suggested to link socio‐ecological features with the rise and spread of inequality, and empirical tests of these hypotheses in prehistoric and extant societies are increasing. In this review, we synthesize several streams of theory relevant to understanding the evolutionary origins, spread, and adaptive significance of inequality. We argue that while inequality may be produced by a variety of localized processes, its evolution is fundamentally dependent on the economic defensibility and transmissibility of wealth. Furthermore, these properties of wealth could become persistent drivers of inequality only following a shift to a more stable climate in the Holocene. We conclude by noting several key areas for future empirical research, emphasizing the need for more analyses of contemporary shifts toward institutionalized inequality as well as prehistoric cases.