The effects of soil warming on plant recruitment

We demonstrate, using a simple field experiment, that soil warming is sufficient, independent of other cues, to potentially alter the recruitment of Betula pendula seedlings. This study suggests that changing temperature, and correlated changes in edaphic factors, can alter patterns in plant recruitment via differential effects on seed dormancy. Increased soil temperatures (of less than 5 °C) throughout the year led to a significant increase in the number of birch seedlings that emerged from soil samples collected in the spring. No concomitant changes in the emergence of other species was observed. Such temperature induced changes in seedbank dynamics and their subsequent effects on the competitive interactions within a plant community suggest far reaching ecological consequences of current increases in global temperature.     

黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落优势种群生态位研究

运用Levin公式和百分率相似公式,对狼牙刺群落中13个优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例及其生态位重叠值进行了研究.结果表明,生态位宽度依次为狼牙刺(0.964)、茭蒿(0.77)、铁杆蒿(0.664)、黄背草(0.08)、远志(0.48)、狗尾草(0.472)、狗牙根(0.399)、白羊草(0.393)、达乌里胡枝子(0.327)、长芒草(0.321)、杠柳(0.292)、灌木铁线莲(0.21)、糙隐子草(0.234).狼牙刺与其他种群的生态位相似比在0.21～0.76之间,生态位重叠值较高,其他种群与狼牙刺之间的重叠值较低,表明狼牙刺与其他种群之间对资源的竞争并不十分激烈,因而能成为黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落中利用资源能力和生态适应性最强的优势种群,并在维持群落的物种多样性和相对稳定性中发挥重要作用.     

Impact of whitefish on an enclosure ecosystem in a shallow eutrophic lake: changes in nutrient concentrations,phytoplankton and zoobenthos

Large bag-type (75 m³) and tube-type (105 m³) enclosures were set up in the shallow eutrophic Lake Suwa and were each stocked with exotic planktivorous whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus maraena). The release of whitefish caused the increase in nutrient concentration in the tube-type enclosure whereas no such increase was observed in the bag-type enclosure. Bottom sediment seemed to be an important source of chironomid food for whitefish. The proportion of phytoplankton measuring<10μm and 20–40μm, which respectively corresponded toOchromonas spp. andCryptomonas sp., were lower in the fish enclosures than in the control, which might have been caused by high grazing pressure by rotifers. The predation by whitefish might have affected the species composition of phytoplankton through reducing copepod predation on rotifers, not through reducing the densities of cladocerans which directly feed on phytoplankton as many investigators have reported. The phytoplankton biomass was not affected much by the release of fish. Possible reasons are that the increase in density of rotifers reduced the biomass of available phytoplankton and also that inedible Cyanophyceae were in the decreasing phase of their seasonal succession and could not increase successfully in spite of elevated nutrient levels.     

洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位特征

基于群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,物种重要值作为生态位的计测指标,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度,Schoener生态位相似和Pianka生态位重叠对洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区的紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位进行定量研究。结果表明：紫果云杉群落乔木层共有树种8种,隶属于4科6属,紫果云杉占绝对优势,岷江冷杉为次优势种;灌木层共有植物50种,隶属于16科25属,忍冬科的蓝靛果、葱皮忍冬和唐古特忍冬等以及蔷薇科的峨眉蔷薇和银露梅等构成了灌木层的主体,紫果云杉幼苗优势不明显,但生态位宽度最大。本研究表明,生态位宽度受物种生态特性及其分布和生境共同影响,重要值大的物种生态位宽度一般较大,生态位宽度大的物种之间生态位相似性和重叠性一般较大,并与其它物种重叠的概率高、重叠程度大,生态位宽度小的物种集中出现时也会出现较大的生态位重叠,同科或同属的物种间常有较大生态位相似和重叠。生态位宽度反映着种群的扩散潜力,生态位相似反映着群落的稳定性,生态位重叠反映着物种间存在或潜在的竞争程度。紫果云杉在乔、灌木层均有最大的生态位宽度,生态适应性最强,群落结构稳定,具有进一步扩散的可能。     

Succession of sessile organisms on experimental plates immersed in Nabeta Bay,Izu Peninsula,Japan V. An integrated consideration on the definition and prediction of succession

Successional changes of sessile organisms over about 3 years on concrete plates immersed at depths of 1.0, 2.5, 4.0 and 5.5 m in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, Pacific coast of Japan, were investigated from their species composition, percentage cover, and the structure, metabolism, biomass and maturity of the community for the purpose of verifying the hypothesis of succession by Margalef (1968) and Odum (1969). The process of succession was divided into five stages from a cluster analysis based on Horn's (1966) similarity in community structure. The five stages were characterized from dominant, species and 18 community attributes in terms of structure, metabolism, biomass and maturity. With the advance of stages, two large-sized, long-lived species, the kelpEisenia bicyclis and the oysterCrassostrea nippona, dominated; 18 community attributes showed a directional succession ending in a constant community structure, low community metabolism, accumulation of community biomass except chlorophylla and an enhanced degree of community maturity. This directionality in succession of community attributes was valid for the prediction of Margalef and Odum, despite a tendency for estimated daily energy budget to be more heterotrophic in such an open system. From these results, it was suggested that the definition of succession by Odum (1969) should be interpreted as the regularity in shift of dominant species, not individual species, and as the control of system by feedback mechanism developing with succession rather than community-controlled mechanism.     

“中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范

我国是个多山的国家,拥有丰富的生物多样性资源。为研究我国山地的植物物种多样性垂直格局及其地理分异,北京大学自20世纪90年代中期开始,实施了中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划(Peking University's Survey Plan for Plant Species Diversity of China's Mountains,简称PKU-PSD计划)。本文简要介绍该计划的主要研究内容、研究的山地以及野外调查和数据分析方法,试图为同类研究提供参考。     

滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性

为了全面揭示云南蚂蚁多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性。结果表明:在滇东南地区5个垂直带共采获蚂蚁7亚科57属202种;各样地蚂蚁群落主要指标为:物种数目6～49种(平均24种),个体密度0.7～5 943.6头/m~2(平均560.5头/m~2),多样性指数0.1693～2.6382(平均1.6574),均匀度指数0.0771～0.8022(平均0.5468),优势度指数0.0012～0.9031(平均0.2733);蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.0333～0.3810,处于极不相似至中等不相似水平。结论认为,滇东南地区栖息着丰富的蚂蚁种类,在生态系统功能和生物多样性保护中具有重要价值。垂直带上蚂蚁物种的丰富度和多样性主要受气温制约,具体表现为纬度和海拔对蚂蚁群落的影响。该地区蚂蚁群落主要指标普遍表现出多域效应现象,除了地形和森林结构因素外,主要受到人类干扰影响,应当结合天然林保护工程对该地区蚂蚁群落加以保护,以便充分发挥其生态功能。     

小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响

以黄瓜为受体,以不同化感效应(促进/抑制)小麦品种为供体,采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响.结果表明： 在处理第6天和第12天,化感促进效应小麦根系分泌物分别显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高和茎粗;在处理第18天,化感促进和抑制效应小麦根系分泌物均显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高;在处理第6天,不同化感效应小麦根系分泌物均显著降低了黄瓜幼苗根际土壤真菌群落条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数,有苗对照(W)显著高于无苗对照(Wn);在处理第18天,各处理的真菌群落结构条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数均显著高于无苗对照(Wn).伴生化感抑制效应小麦显著降低了黄瓜根际土壤真菌群落Shannon指数和均匀度指数,说明小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦改变了土壤真菌群落结构.DGGE图谱及其主成分分析结果表明,伴生不同化感效应小麦对土壤真菌群落结构影响较大.     

灵昆岛围垦区内外滩涂大型底栖动物生物多样性

2006年2月至2006年11月在灵昆岛东滩湿地选择1997年围垦潮沟滩涂以及围垦区外的自然滩涂作为样地,开展了自然滩涂与围垦潮沟滩涂大型底栖动物群落生物多样性比较的调查研究.共发现大型底栖动物36种,隶属7门8纲22科,这些物种中软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物共占物种总数的83.33%.其中在围垦区内的4个样点共发现大型底栖动物27种,在自然滩涂上的4个样点共发现大型底栖动物32种.通过对定量取样获得的各群落大型底栖动物密度数据进行计算,得到了各种大型底栖动物的生态位宽度和围垦区内外不同生境中大型底栖动物群落生物多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner指数 H'、Pielou指数 J、Simpson指数 D),结果显示围垦滩涂潮沟上的光滩和边滩以及自然滩涂上的高潮带和中潮带滩涂的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数 H'较高,Simpson优势度指数D则相对较低,表明了这些位点的大型底栖动物的多样性程度较高,而长满互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)位点的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数 H'和Pielou均匀度指数 J都要小于受潮水作用相似的邻近滩涂,但Simpson优势度指数D却相对较高,这表明互花米草入侵已改变了原来的大型底栖动物群落结构.运用相似度指数Jc、成对t检验以及聚类和排序等多种统计学方法对围垦滩涂潮沟和自然滩涂上的各个位点进行了群落相似性分析,结果表明潮位是影响自然滩涂上大型底栖动物分布的一个重要因素,不同潮位之间的大型底栖动物群落差异比较明显.相对而言,围垦区内各生境之间的大型底栖动物群落分化程度较低,即围垦导致潮位因素对大型底栖动物的分布的影响降低.