不同磷水平下外生菌根真菌对铅的耐性反应

采用液体离体培养的方法,研究了不同磷和铅水平对3个外生菌根真菌生物量、ZC₁菌丝含磷量和含铅量的影响.结果表明,不同水平的磷和铅胁迫下,菌种ZC₁和ZC₂的生物量显著高于菌种GV(Gomphidius viscidus);低磷时（0.16 mmol·L^-1）,3个菌种的生物量随着铅浓度的增加都受到了抑制,在较高的磷水平下(0.81和2.42 mmol·L^-1),铅浓度的增加显著的抑制了菌种GV的生物量,但对菌种ZC₁和ZC₂的生物量没有显著抑制.GV的菌丝含铅量在各处理水平下都显著高于ZC₁和ZC₂.同一铅水平下,GV的菌丝含磷量在低磷时高于ZC₁和ZC₂,在较高磷浓度时却低于ZC₁和ZC₂;铅浓度的增加降低了菌种ZC₂和GV的菌丝含磷量,但菌种ZC₁的菌丝含磷量没有受到显著的抑制.与无污染地采集的菌种GV相比,污染地采集的菌种ZC₁和ZC₂表现出快速生长、低铅积累以及高磷吸收的特点,显示出较高的抗环境胁迫能力.     

藻类富集重金属的特点及其应用展望

以藻类植物为主要对象的水体重金属修复已成为环境科学领域的研究热点.由于其特殊的细胞壁结构、较高的重金属富集能力、简便的解吸附方法等特点,藻类被认为是理想的生物吸附材料.文中简述了藻类适宜高富集重金属的结构及代谢特点,包括具有较高富集重金属能力的细胞壁功能基团、胞外产物、细胞内重金属螯合蛋白,以及生活藻类、死亡藻体及固定化处理后所表现出的高富集能力及简便的解吸附方法等,并对其用于污染水体修复的优缺点及应用趋势进行分析.     

重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液SOD活力的影响

研究了3种重金属离子(Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺)在96 h内对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)对肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾SOD活力在3种重金属离子作用下随取样时间变化显著(P＜0.0),Cu²⁺在实验浓度范围内(0.1～1 mg·L^-1),肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液的SOD活力随时间延长呈一峰值变化,Zn²⁺在10 mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏表现为显著抑制作用,Cd²⁺在0. mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏和鳃丝起显著抑制作用,0.2 mg·L^-1对鳃丝SOD活力无显著变化(P＞0.0),其他浓度Zn²⁺(＜10 mg·L^-1)、Cd²⁺(＜0.2 mg·L^-1)对各组织器官SOD活力的影响随时间延长均呈现先升高后下降的趋势.3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝、血液SOD活力的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应关系.其SOD活力大小顺序为肝胰脏＞鳃丝＞血液,3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾伤害大小顺序为Cd²⁺＞Cu²⁺＞Zn²⁺.     

重金属与农药污染的农业土壤脱毒过程研究进展

农业土壤环境自身脱毒过程是极其复杂的生态化学过程,对于土壤健康质量的维持和改善具有重要意义。然而,一直以来,人们对污染物的致毒过程研究得较多,对农业土壤自身脱毒能力及机制未给予足够重视。本文就农业土壤环境中,重金属与农药污染物的吸附脱毒、非生物降解(水解、光解)脱毒、微生物降解脱毒、土壤酶学脱毒、根际环境中的降解和转化脱毒以及植物富集固定进行了综述,并分析了各脱毒过程中所涉及到的反应机理。     

Determining uptake of 'non-labile' soil cadmium by Thlaspi caerulescens using isotopic dilution techniques

We assessed the ability of several populations of the metal-hyperaccumulator species, Thlaspi caerulescens , to mobilize non-labile cadmium in soils historically contaminated by Pb/Zn mine spoil or sewage sludge. Radio- labile Cd was determined chemically as an ' E -value', [Cd _E ], and biologically as an ' L -value', [Cd _L ]. For comparison, chloride-extractable Cd, [Cd_chlor], was also determined using 1 M CaCl₂ as a single-step soil extractant. Values of [Cd _L ] were measured for six populations of T. caerulescens that varied substantially in their ability to assimilate soil Cd, and a non-accumulator species with a similar growth habit, Lepidium heterophyllum . Seeds were sown in soil spiked with ¹⁰⁹Cd and grown for 9–12 wk in a controlled environment room. Values of [Cd _L ] were determined from the specific activity of ¹⁰⁹Cd and concentration of Cd in the plant leaves. For the six soils studied, [Cd _E ] ranged from 4.9 to 49% of total soil Cd [Cd_T]. Values of [Cd _L ] were, in general, in close agreement with both [Cd _E ] and [Cd_chlor] and substantially less than [Cd_T]. However, [Cd _L ] showed no correlation with the concentration of Cd in plant tissue, [Cd_shoot]. This suggests that, in the soils studied, T. caerulescens did not mobilize non-labile soil Cd by producing root exudates or altering rhizosphere pH. The results imply that there may be significant restrictions to metal bioavailability, even to hyperaccumulator species, in heavily contaminated soils in which a large proportion of the metal may be present in 'non-labile' forms.     

A phytogeochemical survey of the flora of ultramafic and adjacent normal soils in North Morocco

Variation in plant elemental composition (Ni, Ca, Mg, Mg/Ca ratio) in relation to soil composition was investigated in a poorly studied ultramafic area in the north of Morocco. A total of 142 leaf samples representing 36 species from 9 sites (5 ultramafic and 4 normal soils from adjacent areas) were analysed. The soil was richer in Mg and Ni and had a higher Mg/Ca ratio in the ultramafic sites than in the control sites, and these differences were qualitatively reflected in the average mineral composition of the plants. However, there were considerable differences in mineral composition among species within serpentinic sites, indicating that species with contrasting mineral nutrition strategies can cope with the mineral element imbalance characteristic of ultramafic soils. Particularly noteworthy was the finding that species with high requirements of Ca are not excluded from serpentinic soils. In view of their high responsiveness to soil nickel and magnesium concentration, Dittrichia viscosa and Lavandula dentata are proposed as bioindicators of these elements in the soil in the Rif area. By contrast, two local serpentine endemics, Halimium atriplicifolium and Notholaena marantae were excluders of nickel and magnesium. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A new method for improving the enantioselectivity of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis in organic solvent containing a small amount of water in the presence of metal ions

The hydrolysis of racemic butyl 2-(4-substituted phenoxy)propionates having various substituents catalyzed by lipase MY from Candida rugosa was achieved in di-isopropyl ether containing 0.75% (v/v) of 2.4 M LiCl or 1.2 M MgCl₂ aqueous solution. Water molecules hydrated to the metal ion in isopropyl ether acted as a nucleophile to cause the hydrolysis of these esters as with water alone. Metal ions used significantly enhanced their enantioselectivities by 100-fold or above, as compared with the ordinary reaction media.     

23XZ4ST超薄型铝金属窗X线像增强管

由于采用厚膜碘化铯屏,高致密输出屏,超薄型铝金属窗以及消反射玻璃等先进技术,从而使２３ＸＺ４ＳＴ Ｘ线像增强管在噪志和ＭＴＦ值方面获得明显改善。