黄淮平原冬小麦不同品种根系生长差异

选择黄淮平原地区当前主推品种郑麦9023,以及早期引进品种阿勃和丰产3号为材料,利用微根管技术,研究冬小麦活根长和根直径径级的分布动态,以及以活根长为基础的净生长速率的变化规律.结果表明：根直径为0.05～0.25 mm的细根是冬小麦根系的主要组成部分,根直径≤0.5 mm的细根占活根长的98%以上;冬小麦的平均根直径随着生育进程不断变化,其变化范围为0.15～0.22 mm,不同品种之间没有显著差异;活根长与根尖数呈显著正相关,表明根尖数是活根长增加的主导因素;返青期到拔节期是冬小麦根系生长最旺盛的时期,阿勃和丰产3号具有较长时期的根系增长活力,郑麦9023自拔节期以后根直径≥0.1 mm的细根根尖数占总根尖数的比例有所上升,这有利于提高生育后期根系抗性和保证根系活性稳定,以满足籽粒灌浆的需要.     

A novel method to induce direct somatic embryogenesis,secondary embryogenesis and regeneration of fertile green cereal plants

A direct somatic embryogenesis and secondary embryogenesis protocol was developed for seven cereal species, thus providing a new vista for in vitro plant genetic transformation or propagation. This paper describes a novel process that has been successfully developed for efficient regeneration of a wide range of cereal species and genotypes. This tissue culture and regeneration system does not require formation of callus tissues and takes approximately 2 months to complete, shorter than any of the currently available systems requiring 3-4 months. Rapid induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare), common wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum) and derived amphiploids, wild wheat (T. monococcum and T. urartu), rye (Secale cereale) and oats (Avena sativa) was induced from excised immature scutellum on DSEM medium. Newly developed globular embryos were cultured on SEM medium for a second cycle of embryogenesis followed by germination (GEM medium) and regeneration of embryos into normally growing green and fertile plants. In vitro techniques to induce direct somatic embryogenesis, secondary embryogenesis and plant regeneration from these cereals require a specific sequence of defined media and controlled environments. The sequence and the timing of the media used, as well as their hormonal composition and balance are critical aspects of this process. The organic and mineral compositions of these media are not new but are important for supporting and sustaining rapid growth of the tissues.     

Genotypic variations in activities of phospho<Emphasis Type="Italic">enol</Emphasis>pyruvate carboxylase and correlations with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and crop productivity of cassava grown in low-land seasonally-dry tropics

Field trials with a large group of cassava germplasm were conducted at the seasonally-dry and hot environments in southwest Colombia to investigate photosynthetic characteristics and production under drought conditions. Measurement of net photosynthetic rate (P _N), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), mesophyll conductance to CO₂ diffusion (g _m), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity of upper canopy leaves were made in the field. All photosynthetic characteristics were significantly correlated with final dry root yield (Yield). Correlations among the photosynthetic traits were also significant. PEPC activity was highly significantly correlated with P _N and PNUE, indicating the importance of the enzyme in cassava photosynthesis and productivity. Among a small selected group from the preliminary trial for yield performance, the second year Yield was highly significantly correlated with P _N measured on the first year crop. Thus variations in the measured photosynthetic traits are genetically controlled and underpin variations in yield. One short-stemmed cultivar M Col 2215 was selected for high root dry matter content, high harvest index, and tolerance to drought. It was tested under the semi-arid conditions of the west coast of Ecuador; participating farmers evaluated cultivar performance. This cultivar was adopted by farmers and officially released in 1992 under the name Portoviejo 650.     

新疆石榴品种的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对23个石榴品种进行亲缘关系鉴定和品种分类研究.从50条10 bp随机引物中筛选出7条扩增效果较好的引物进行扩增,共扩增出88条带,其中多态性带为61条,多态率达69%.根据扩增结果进行UPGMA聚类分析,聚类结果将23个品种分为5大类群,第1类包括库尔勒市甜石榴与喀什市大籽甜石榴等甜石榴品种;第2类是阿图什市酸石榴;第3类包括喀什市阿奇克阿娜尔、叶城酸石榴等酸石榴品种;第4类包括吐鲁番市甜石榴、库车酸甜石榴等种间杂交和来源不详品种;第5类包括皮亚曼石榴和策勒1号等新疆优质石榴品种.研究结果表明:石榴品种间的遗传多态性有明显差异,即使父母本相同的品种也能区别.     

Comparison of soybean cultivars for enhancement of the polyamine contents in the fermented soybean natto using Bacillus subtilis (natto)

Polyamines have beneficial properties to prevent aging-associated diseases. Raw soybean has relatively high polyamine contents; and the fermented soybean natto is a good source of polyamines. However, detailed information of diversity of polyamine content in raw soybean is lacking. The objectives of this study were to evaluate differences of polyamines among raw soybeans and select the high polyamine-containing cultivar for natto production. Polyamine contents were measured chromatographically in 16 samples of soybean, which showed high variation among soybeans as follows: 93–861 nmol/g putrescine, 1055–2306 nmol/g spermidine, and 177–578 nmol/g spermine. We then confirmed the high correlations of polyamine contents between raw soybean and natto (r = 0.96, 0.95, and 0.94 for putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively). Furthermore, comparison of the polyamine contents among 9 Japanese cultivars showed that ‘Nakasen-nari’ has the highest polyamine contents, suggesting its suitability for enhancement of polyamine contents of natto.     

不同栽培条件对优质冬小麦“河农341”农艺及品质性状的影响

通过不同栽培措施对优质冬小麦品种“河农341”农艺及品质性状影响的研究,表明冬小麦适当晚播可显著增加籽粒的蛋白质和湿面筋含量;早播增加面团的断裂时间,减少软化度,提高评价值,同时能增加单位面积穗数和小区产量;播期对沉降值的影响不大。适当减少氮肥施肥量能改变面团的流变学特性,延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间,提高评价值;不同种植密度比较,在早播情况下,无论氮肥施肥量大小都是中等密度处理的小区产量最高,而在晚播情况下,无论施肥量大小,都是较高密度的产量最高。     

Relationship between Contents of Chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD values) and Nitrogen of Some Temperate Grasses

In a field experiment the chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD readings) and nitrogen contents of three grass species (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium perenne L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and three intergeneric hybrids of Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. were measured. Close relationships were found between SPAD readings and nitrogen leaf content (r ² = 0.873^** 0.491^** and 0.938^**) for the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd cut, respectively. SPAD readings and N contents were closely correlated (r = 0.836^**) confirming that SPAD measurements could be used in grass selection and/or breeding for high N concentration in herbage. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Responses of some Asian and European barley cultivars to UK and Chinese isolates of soil-borne barley mosaic viruses

In field plots at Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, a range of European and Asian barley cultivars was grown in soil from three sites in China infested with barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). Most of the cultivars resistant to the common European strain of BaYMV were susceptible to the Chinese isolates but cv. Energy remained disease-free. Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) was also detected in one of these soils but affected only one Chinese cultivar and not those susceptible to BaMMV in Europe. This is the first report of BaMMV in China. Inoculation experiments confirmed the different cultivar response to UK and Chinese isolates of BaYMV and showed that resistance was to the virus and not to the vector. A range of Chinese cultivars selected for resistance to BaYMV were also resistant to a UK isolate of BaMMV.     

Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from ray florets of chrysanthemum

Direct somatic embryogenesis from ray floret explants of five chrysanthemum cultivars has been obtained within 12 – 15 d on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BA). Scanning electron microscopic observation also confirmed the direct origin of somatic embryos from explants. Somatic embryos developed asynchronously on the adaxial surface of explants. Among the five cultivars tested, Birbal Sahani was best responding (40 % explants responded on 4 mg dm^–3 2,4-D and 2 mg dm^–3 BA supplemented medium). Precocious germination of somatic embryos was noticed on the same medium. The best sucrose concentration in the medium was found to be 60 g dm^–3 where 70 % explants responded while 55 % embryogenic response was obtained on medium supplemented with 400 mg dm^–3 inositol. Plants developed from somatic embryos were transferred to soil and produced true-to-type flowers.