EST‐derived polymorphic microsatellites from cultivated strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) are useful for diversity studies and varietal identification among Fragaria species

Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide genetic markers within potentially functional genes, which could be very useful for breeding programs. To date, the development of microsatellite markers in the genus Fragaria has focused mainly on Fragaria vesca. However, most of the interests of breeding programs relate to specific characteristics of cultivated strawberry. Here, we describe a set of 10 EST‐derived microsatellites from Fragaria × ananassa. These markers showed high levels of polymorphism within strawberry cultivars and among different Fragaria species, indicating their potential for genetic studies not only on strawberry but also in other species within the genus.     

毛木耳‘昊阳黄背1号’的选育报告

‘昊阳黄背1号’是黄背木耳新品种,适宜工厂化液体菌种扩繁和农法固体菌种生产。该品种是从上海引进的SH0072号菌株,经组织分离纯化、系统选育而成。成熟新鲜子实体为单片簇生型,有明显耳基,耳片有明显荷叶边;鲜耳子实体背面和腹面灰褐色,背面有短绒毛。菌丝生长适宜温度16-25℃,出耳适宜温度15-32℃;原基分化至第一潮耳采摘41-55d,一般可采3潮耳,出耳转化率达20.6%;抗毛木耳柱霉。适宜四川省成都市、德阳市和简阳市等地及相似生态区棚栽,冬季制袋,春夏季出耳。     

Investigations into nitrogen sources and supply in reclaimed colliery spoil

Summary Two trials were established to investigate the supply of nitrogen from ammonium and nitrate fertilizers, slow release nitrogen fertilizers, an organic nitrogen fertilizer and a legume, at two phosphate levels, to eight grass cultivars on colliery spoil. Spoil nitrogen supply and chemical characteristics and herbage dry matter and nitrogen yields were monitored for up to seven years. pH and conductivity fell at both sites. pH trends appeared to be independent of nitrogen treatment. Nitrogen in the ammonium form gave better yields than in the nitrate form when 125 kg N ha^–1 was supplied in a season but there was no difference when 62.5 kg N ha^–1 was applied. Slow release forms of nitrogen gave better yields more evenly distributed over the season than one application of ammonium sulphate per season. Once established white clover (Trifolium repens) plots had a more consistent nitrogen supply, more evenly distributed yield and better quality herbage than nitrogen fertilizer plots.Lolium perenne yielded poorly at low fertility.Festuca rubra andAgrostis castellana, although establishing slowly, yielded well under high and low fertility.     

Carbon isotope discrimination in irrigated and droughted potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was measured in irrigated and droughted potato. Under irrigation, Δ in leaflets at given nodes increased (P < 0.001) between 21 and 63 d after emergence (DAE), which was attributed to increasing stomatal conductance (g_s) during leaf expansion. The effect of leaf position on Δ was non-significant in mature leaves. Under drought, Δ decreased (P < 0.001) in successive leaves up the stem, reflecting changes in g_s and water stress. At each node Δ remained constant or decreased, suggesting that effects of water stress were greater than changes with leaf expansion. There were significant differences in Δ between cultivars in both treatments, and in the progressive decrease in Δ up the stem under drought. Differences in Δ between cultivars were consistent with differences in stomatal control of leaf water status following water stress. Values for Δ in tubers were consistently lower than in stem and leaf, and decreased more rapidly. Differences in Δ between cultivars did not reflect dry matter production in either treatment, and differences in water use were non-significant between cultivars under drought. So, plants can achieve similar dry matter production through different growth strategies when irrigated or droughted, and Δ does not provide a simple, indirect method of selecting for dry matter production under water stress.     

The Effects of Drought Stress and Leaf Ageing on Leaf Photosynthesis and Electron Transport in Photosystem 2 in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars

Of the four tested sweet potato cultivars having different features in growth and yield, cv. Koganesengan (KOG) was sustainable in photosynthetic activity through young to aged leaves under drought. One of the causes for this phenomenon may be stomatal conductance (g _s) of this cultivar that was relatively high in both aged and drought-imposed leaves. In these leaves the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was low and the quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Φ_e) was high, compared to those of the other cultivars. This helps to prevent excessive accumulation of chemical energy in leaves and a decrease in photoinhibition damage to the photosynthetic function, by which KOG sustains a relatively high photosynthetic activity under the drought and alleviates functional deterioration caused by leaf age. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Integrated management of the striped rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis Walker on the Hashemi Tarom rice under the farm conditions

Abstract

An experiment was carried out in order to study the methods of managing striped rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker on rice, with 11 treatments including the early planted, late planted, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko release, 10% Diazinon GR, Bt microbial insecticide, sex pheromone, T. brassicae?+?Bt, T. brassicae?+?sex pheromone, sex pheromone?+?Bt, T. brassicae?+?sex pheromone?+?Bt and control. In this study, the studied traits included the percentage of brownish leaf sheath (BS), dead heart (DH), white head (WH), yield per hectare and the percentage of converting paddy rice to white rice. The results showed that the best yield in all traits was related to the integrated treatment of T. brassicae+sex pheromone?+?Bt, which was in the highest group and its amount in BS was 1.99%, in DH was 1.37%, in WH was 0.34%, the yield/ha was 5910?kg and the percentage of converting paddy rice to white rice was 63%.     

Change in Action Pattern of Bacillus circulans F-2 Amylase on Partial Hydrolysis with Subtilisin

Cultivar identification of seven Korean domestic rice using DNA markers related to blast resistance was conducted. By PCR analyses using six markers, which we developed in a previous study, and one newly-developed marker for pib, it became possible to differentiate the seven cultivars from each other. This result should contribute not only to cultivar identification but also, to molecular breeding of blast resistance for Korean rice.     

不同白化期的‘黄山白茶’代谢物差异分析

‘黄山白茶1号’是温度敏感型白化茶树品种,由其鲜叶加工的绿茶,即‘黄山白茶’,具有清香持久、滋味鲜爽等特征。为探究不同白化时期加工绿茶的香气和滋味差异,分析了绿茶中挥发性代谢物、儿茶素、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,3个白化时期的‘黄山白茶’在香气和滋味上存在差异。气相质谱（GC-MS）分析表明,共有29个高丰度挥发性化合物被鉴定;主成分分析（PCA）显示芳樟醇、顺-己酸-3-己烯酯、香叶醇、顺-3-己烯醇、（Z）-丁酸-3-己烯酯可能是导致3类绿茶香气存在差异的标志性化合物。滋味成分分析表明儿茶素类物质在白化早期绿茶中含量最低;在白化中期绿茶中略有增加但不显著,而在白化后期绿茶中则显著增加;咖啡碱在3类绿茶中无显著差异;游离氨基酸在白化早期绿茶中含量最高,为干质量的4.4%,而在白化后期绿茶中只占干质量的1.3%。因此,不同时期的‘黄山白茶1号’嫩梢中的代谢物积累存在差异,使得加工的绿茶风味不同。     

银耳‘Tr2016’的选育报告

银耳‘Tr2016’是由福建省尤溪县枕头山的枯木上发现的一株野生银耳,进行反复多次分离和多年驯化而来。银耳菌丝具锁状联合,可形成白色或淡黄白色菌落;子实体呈雪白色,由多片波浪状卷曲的耳片组成牡丹花状,烘干后为淡黄色。栽培周期从接种到采收约45d,鲜耳平均直径13.2cm,高度7.2cm,平均产量为114.0g/瓶,干耳平均产量34.1g/瓶。     

Heat-shock-mediated elimination of the nptII marker gene in transgenic apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.)

Production of marker-free genetically modified (GM) plants is one of the major challenges of molecular fruit breeding. Employing clean vector technologies, allowing the removal of undesired DNA sequences from GM plants, this goal can be achieved. The present study describes the establishment of a clean vector system in apple Malus×domestica Borkh., which is based on the use of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (nptII) as selectable marker gene and kanamycin/paramomycin as selective agent. The nptII gene can be removed after selection of GM shoots via site-specific excision mediated by heat-shock-inducible expression of the budding yeast FLP recombinase driven by the soybean Gmhsp17.5-E promoter. We created a monitoring vector containing the nptII and the flp gene as a box flanked by two direct repeats of the flp recognition target (FRT) sites. The FRT-flanked box separates the gusA reporter gene from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter. Consequently, GUS expression does only occur after elimination of the FRT-flanked box. Transformation experiments using the monitoring vector resulted in a total of nine transgenic lines. These lines were investigated for transgenicity by PCR, RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. Among different temperature regimes tested, exposure to 42 °C for 3.5 to 4h led to efficient induction of FLP-mediated recombination and removal of the nptII marker gene. A second round of shoot regeneration from leaf explants led to GM apple plants completely free of the nptII gene.