Use of Shields stress to reconstruct and forecast changes in river metabolism

1. Discharge patterns of streams and rivers may be substantially affected by changes in water management, land use, or climate. Such hydrological alterations are likely to influence biotic processes, including overall ecosystem metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration). One regulator of aquatic ecosystem metabolism directly tied to hydrology is movement of bed sediments. 2. We propose that ecosystem metabolism can be reconstructed or predicted for any suite of hydrological conditions through the use of quantitative relationships between discharge, bed movement and metabolism. We tested this concept on a plains reach of the South Platte River in Colorado. 3. Movement of bed sediments was predicted from river discharge and the Shields stress, a ratio of velocity‐induced stress to sediment grain size. Quantitative relationships were established empirically between metabolic response to bed movement and recovery from bed movement, thus linking metabolism to hydrology. 4. The linkage of metabolism to hydrology allowed us to reconstruct daily photosynthesis and respiration over the 70‐year period for which discharge is known at our study site on the South Platte River. The reconstruction shows major ecological change caused by hydrological manipulation: the river has lost two‐thirds of its photosynthetic potential, and the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration is now much lower than it was prior to 1960. 5. The same approach could be used to anticipate ecological responses to proposed hydrological manipulations, to quantify benefits of hydrological restoration, or to illustrate potential effects of change in climate or land use on flowing‐water ecosystems.     

Leafminers help us understand leaf hydraulic design

Leaf hydraulics of Aesculus hippocastanum L. were measured over the growing season and during extensive leaf mining by the larvae of an invasive moth (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic) that specifically destroy the palisade tissue. Leaves showed seasonal changes in hydraulic resistance (R_lamina) which were related to ontogeny. After leaf expansion was complete, the hydraulic resistance of leaves and the partitioning of resistances between vascular and extra‐vascular compartments remained unchanged despite extensive disruption of the palisade by leafminers (up to 50%). This finding suggests that water flow from the petiole to the evaporation sites might not directly involve the palisade cells. The analysis of the temperature dependence of R_lamina in terms of Q₁₀ revealed that at least one transmembrane step was involved in water transport outside the leaf vasculature. Anatomical analysis suggested that this symplastic step may be located at the bundle sheath where the apoplast is interrupted by hydrophobic thickening of cell walls. Our findings offer some support to the view of a compartmentalization of leaves into well‐organized water pools so that the transpiration stream would involve veins, bundle sheath and spongy parenchyma, while the palisade tissue would be largely by‐passed with the possible advantage of protecting cells from short‐term fluctuations in water status.     

静脉留置部位导管相关菌血症的病原学研究

目的调查静脉留置导管相关性血流感染病原学特点。方法回顾性调查杭州医学院附属第一医院2003年1月至2005年9月静脉留置治疗患者感染的发生情况,并对其病原菌及耐药特点进行分析。结果165例患者共送检留置导管标本184份,140份标本检有病原菌,检出率为76.1%(140/184)。在165例患者中有150例进行了血液培养,发生血流感染的有103例,感染率为68.7%(103/150)。从140份静脉留置导管标本中共分离出171株病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌等。有44例患者静脉留置导管和血液培养出同一种病原菌,主要为表皮葡萄球菌。导管留置后到第一次血液培养出现阳性的时间大约为4~8d。同时从静脉留置导管和血液分离的21株表皮葡萄球菌全部对呋喃妥因和万古霉素敏感,除对利福平的耐药率较低外,对其它抗生素的耐药率都超过50%。结论静脉留置导管较易引起血流感染,引起血流感染病原菌主要以表皮葡萄菌为主,且耐药性严重。     

Developing a vision for improved monitoring and reporting of riparian restoration projects

Representatives from agencies involved in natural resource management in the Murray‐Darling Basin gathered for a workshop in November 2010 to develop a vision for improved monitoring and reporting of riparian restoration projects. The resounding message from this workshop was that the effectiveness of riparian restoration depends on having sound, documented and agreed evidence on the ecological responses to restoration efforts. Improving our capacity to manage and restore riparian ecosystems is constrained by (i) a lack of ecological evidence on the effects of restoration efforts, and (ii) short‐termism in commitment to restoration efforts, in funding of monitoring and in expected time spans for ecosystem recovery. Restoration at the effective spatial scope will invariably require a long‐term commitment by researchers, funding agencies, management agencies and landholders. To address the knowledge gaps that constrain riparian restoration in the Basin, participants endorsed four major fields for future research: the importance of landscape context to restoration outcomes; spatio‐temporal scaling of restoration outcomes; functional effects of restoration efforts; and developing informative and effective indicators of restoration. To improve the monitoring and restoration of riparian zones throughout the Basin, participants advocated an integrated approach: a hierarchical adaptive management framework that incorporates long‐term ecological research.     

青藏高原"黑土型"退化草地成因与恢复

对青藏高原“黑土型”退化草地的成因和生态建设进行评述,认为“黑土型”退化草地是草原退化生态学行为在江河源区高寒草地的特有体现形式,由气候变暖、冰川退缩、过度放牧、鼠害等综合因子共同导致。生态恢复不仅要从草地建设入手,还要对草地资源进行合理管理与规划。加强牧区文化教育投资、实行草地长期承包、加强《草原法》建设等措施是我国高寒草地畜牧业健康发展的重要保证。青藏高原生态系统特有的“惰性”特征可能是导致其草地生态系统自我更新能力差、系统结构脆弱、生态恢复困难的重要原因,应深入开展该方面研究,为青藏高原生态环境建设提供依据。     

高寒森林溪流对凋落叶分解过程中木质素降解的影响

溪流广泛分布于高寒森林地表, 凋落于其中的林木凋落物的分解是整个森林生态系统物质循环的重要环节, 水体流动过程中的冲刷和淋洗作用及其他独特的环境条件可能显著影响凋落物中木质素的降解。该研究采用凋落袋法对比研究了岷江上游高寒森林4种典型且初始质量差异显著的凋落叶, 即康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)和四川红杉(Larix mastersiana), 在不同生境(林下、溪流和河岸带)下分解过程中木质素残留质量和浓度(质量百分率)的动态变化特征。经过两年的分解, 发现溪流显著促进了凋落叶中木质素的降解; 同一物种凋落叶在不同生境下木质素残留质量差异显著(p < 0.05), 整体表现为溪流<河岸带<林下; 在凋落叶分解的初期木质素有明显的降解, 其浓度表现为先降低后升高, 但不同物种之间存在显著(p < 0.05)的差异; 在整个分解过程中, 木质素残留质量总体呈现出了降低的趋势。此外, 生境类型、分解时期和区域性环境因子(温度、pH值和营养元素的有效性)能显著影响木质素的降解率。这些结果表明, 传统上认为木质素在凋落叶分解初期相对稳定的观点可能并不准确, 其浓度很可能是先下降后升高, 这也与有关木质素动态的最新研究结果相一致。另一方面, 在不同分解时期和不同生境下, 凋落叶木质素降解率表现出了显著差异, 表明区域性环境因子在凋落叶分解和木质素降解过程中具有重要的作用。     

不同方法提取的荷叶挥发油化学成分分析

采取超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏提取荷叶挥发油,利用GC-MS对它们进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明这两种方法提取荷叶挥发油的化学成分及含量皆有很大差别。超临界CO2萃取的荷叶挥发油更具天然性,超临界CO2萃取法为提取荷叶挥发油的理想方法。     

鹅卵清蛋白基因5'端调控区的克隆和序列分析

通过PCR技术从产蛋鹅输卵管基因组中扩增出1．2kb的鹅清蛋白基因5’端调控区,将其亚克隆入phD18-T载体的多克隆位点(标记为pOV),经酶切和测序鉴定：扩增产物只有3个碱基发生了突变,其TATA框、组织特异性因子和卵清蛋白上游启动子均未发生变异,表明鹅清蛋白基因5’端调控区可作为启动外源基因表达的调控序列。为构建其启动外源基因的质粒表达载体奠定了研究基础。     

Macroinvertebrate species and assemblages in the headwater streams of the River Tyne,northern England in relation to land cover and other environmental variables

The macroinvertebrate species and assemblages of headwater streams of the River Tyne catchment in northern England were classified and their relationship with environmental variables based on stream structure, water acidity, distance from source and land cover investigated using constrained ordination and logistic regression. Fuzzy classification of data from 322 stream sites generated five assemblages. Stream structure, quantified as an exposure index, was found to be the most important environmental variable, with water acidity also important. Distance from source and land cover had less influence on species and assemblage distribution. A considerable amount of variation in assemblage distribution was explained using a two-variable logistic regression with stream structure (exposure index) and water acidity (pH) in a template. Site structure and water acidity appeared to be related to drift, geology and topography with little anthropogenic influence. The applicability of the habitat template concept for explaining the distribution of stream macroinvertebrates is discussed.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林某些沉积元素转移过程中的浓度分析

对鼎湖山大气降水、季风常绿阔叶林林冠穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中某些沉积元素进行了系统连续的观测研究,从沉积元素的转移过程阐明了鼎湖山自然保护区和季风常绿阔叶林所承受的环境压力,通过分析沉积元素在这些水文学过程中的浓度变化和相互联系,试图揭示该生态系统相应功能过程变化的规律。得到如下结果：(1)大气降水中的Pb含量远远高于穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中的含量,随着水分由输入向输出流动,Pb的浓度逐渐降低;(2)在大气降水、林冠穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中,Al离子的浓度逐步增加;(3)除Pb外,所有其他元素(Al、Mn、sr、Mg、Na、K和Ca)在土壤溶液中的浓度都高于5个水文过程的平均值;(4)Mn、K、Ca的输入和输出的浓度都不高;(5)Na和Mg在土壤水和溪水中的浓度超过5个水文过程的平均值。这表明：(1)鼎湖山的大气具有高浓度的Pb含量,而且Pb在季风常绿阔叶林系统中处于一个持续的积累过程;(2)酸性降水不仅活化了土壤中的Al元素,对各个水文学过程中的离子浓度也有增大的作用;(3)Na和Mg在当前的大气环境下有可能加速地从季风常绿阔叶林生态系统中淋洗出来。总之,由于酸雨和大气污染的影响,鼎湖山森林生态系统将处于不稳定状态。