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22.
V.B. Awasthi 《Journal of insect physiology》1976,22(9):1181-1186
The ultrastructure of the retrocerebral endocrine-aortal complex of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes has been studied. The space between the inner and outer stromal layers of the aorta is occupied by numerous axon terminals and pre-terminals containing large electron dense granules (NS-I) of approximately 100 to 220 nm and a few axon terminals having small granules (NS-II) of approximately 40 to 90 nm; the former appear to belong to medial neurosecretory A-cells, and the latter to the B-cells of the brain. The corpora cardiaca consist of intrinsic cells with mitochondria and multivesicular bodies. Granules of type NS-II and NS-III are observed in the axon terminals and pre-terminals in the corpora cardiaca. The NS-II are identical to those found in the aorta and are probably the secretions of the lateral B-cells. Granules of type NS-III are 40 to 120 nm and electron dense, and are intrinsic in origin. Similar granules occur in the intrinsic cells of the corpora cardiaca. E M studies have confirmed the rôle of the aorta as a neurohaemal organ for the medial neurosecretory cells, and the corpora cardiaca for the lateral neurosecretory cells of the brain. The corpora cardiaca also act as a reservoir for the intrinsic secretion. The corpus allatum is a solid body consisting of parenchymal cells with prominent nuclei, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. In between its cells are occasional glial cells and also neurosecretory as well as non-neurosecretory axons. The gland is devoid of A-cell NSM. 相似文献
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24.
松油烯-4-醇对粘虫的致毒机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用华氏呼吸仪法、常规生化酶活力测定等方法,测定松油烯-4-醇熏蒸处理对粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)幼虫呼吸作用、血淋巴理化性状、体内酶系活性等的影响。结果表明,松油烯-4-醇显著地影响粘虫的呼吸作用,不同中毒阶段试虫的呼吸率均显著提高,呼吸商发生改变;血淋巴理化性状也发生一定程度的变化,血淋巴总量随中毒程度的加深呈下降趋势,兴奋期、痉挛期、昏迷期血淋巴总量分别为对照试虫的85.55%、70.39%、38.47%,血淋巴比重呈上升趋势,pH值和渗透压变化不大;体内Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性受到明显抑制,头部组织中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的抑制率在兴奋期、痉挛期分别达36.4%、80.2%,中肠组织中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的抑制率达50%左右,对乙酰胆碱脂酶活性影响不大,对酯酶则是先激活后抑制。松油烯-4-醇对Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的抑制可能与粘虫最终死亡有关。 相似文献
25.
The amount of water voided by male Rhodnius prolixus which were flown to exhaustion varied from 0 to over 10% of the initial live weight. It accounted for nearly all of the body water lost during the flight period. Simultaneous measurements on the loss of haemolymph water and an estimate of the amount of faecal water in the excreta indicated that the source of the voided water was primarily the haemolymph. The total water content of the flight muscles changed very little in insects which flew to exhaustion. It is concluded that, despite the diuresis and loss of water, and the considerable reduction in haemolymph volume, dehydration of the flight muscles of male R. prolixus does not occur during these flight periods, and is not a factor contributing to ‘exhaustion’. The possibility that insufficient haemolymph is a factor limiting the duration of flight is discussed. 相似文献
26.
VALERIE CARON ALIDA F. JANMAAT JERRY D. ERICSSON JUDITH H. MYERS 《Ecological Entomology》2008,33(4):517-522
Abstract. 1. Ecological interactions between parasitoids and their hosts are extremely strong as parasitoid offspring rely entirely on an individual host to complete development. The ability of a parasitoid to use a host is influenced directly by the degree to which the parasitoid can overcome host defences and grow within the host.
2. Hymenopteran parasitoids have evolved different host-specific strategies to defeat the host immune system, such as the use of venom, endosymbiont virus, or mimicking the host tissue. Dipteran parasitoids from the Tachinidae family do not use these subterfuges and rely mainly on avoiding the host immune system by hiding in specific tissues.
3. Little is known of the effect of this strategy on the host immune system, the absorption of nutrients by the parasitoid larvae, or the implications for parasitoid host range.
4. In this study, the impact of a polyphagous tachinid parasitoid Compsilura concinnata Meigen on a pest lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni Hübner are assessed. Phenoloxidase levels and haemolymph proteins were measured in parasitised T. ni as a function of host immune response.
5. Haemolymph phenoloxidase in the host did not vary with parasitisation but was triggered when a piece of monofilament was implanted in the haemocoel. Haemolymph proteins were depleted in heavily parasitised T. ni .
6. These results indicate that C. concinnata has a strategy that avoids the host immune system, and accesses the necessary nutrients for larval growth. This strategy could explain the success of this tachinid and its wide host range. 相似文献
2. Hymenopteran parasitoids have evolved different host-specific strategies to defeat the host immune system, such as the use of venom, endosymbiont virus, or mimicking the host tissue. Dipteran parasitoids from the Tachinidae family do not use these subterfuges and rely mainly on avoiding the host immune system by hiding in specific tissues.
3. Little is known of the effect of this strategy on the host immune system, the absorption of nutrients by the parasitoid larvae, or the implications for parasitoid host range.
4. In this study, the impact of a polyphagous tachinid parasitoid Compsilura concinnata Meigen on a pest lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni Hübner are assessed. Phenoloxidase levels and haemolymph proteins were measured in parasitised T. ni as a function of host immune response.
5. Haemolymph phenoloxidase in the host did not vary with parasitisation but was triggered when a piece of monofilament was implanted in the haemocoel. Haemolymph proteins were depleted in heavily parasitised T. ni .
6. These results indicate that C. concinnata has a strategy that avoids the host immune system, and accesses the necessary nutrients for larval growth. This strategy could explain the success of this tachinid and its wide host range. 相似文献
27.
Karl Crailsheim 《Journal of insect physiology》1985,31(9):707-713
[14C]Polyethylene glycol was proved to be a suitable marker for the determination of the extracellular space, which is identical with the volume of the haemolymph in insects. Bees kept at temperatures above 22°C show a fast circulation of haemolymph independent of the season. In winter at 5–25°C, immobilized isolated bees have a thoracic temperature which differs very little from that of the ambient. Under these conditions the time of mixing and the amount of haemolymph in head, thorax and abdomen depends on the temperature. At 5°C bees have much more haemolymph in their heads than at 25°C. At low temperatures the mixing time was increased and finally the mixing process was nearly stopped. Although bees are motionless at 5°C, limited activity of the circulatory system could be shown.The correlation between these distribution studies and the functional status of the bees within their colony is discussed. 相似文献
28.
Hassane Mahamat Ahmed Hassanali Hans-Joerg Ferenz 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》1997,116(4):447-451
Isolation of vitellogenin of the Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) in its gregarious phase was achieved by a combination of gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography. Staining for carbohydrate and lipid moieties showed that the vitellogenin is a glycolipoprotein. The vitellogenin of S. gregaria has a native molecular weight of about 700 kDa. On SDS-PAGE, the protein showed nine apoproteins of about 124, 120, 105, 60, 59, 58, 57, 53 and 34 kD. Determination of the levels of vitellogenin by ELISA in the haemolymph of maturing females showed that those exposed to mature males from 1 to 2 days after ecdysis had increased levels of vitellogenin from day 10 (81.1 ± 4.5). In contrast, females exposed to immature males or kept alone showed an increase (107.3 ± 0.9 and 70.2 ± 2.7) not until day 16 or later, respectively. These results are consistent with the accelerating effect of pheromonal emissions from mature males on the maturation of female S. gregaria. 相似文献
29.
The occurrence of a number of lysosomal enzymes (Proteases, glycosidases, phosphatases, and esterases) inRuditapes decussatushaemocytes was demonstrated by cytochemical and colorimetric techniques. The levels of 18 enzymes tested monthly varied through the study period (18 months), although they did not conform to a seasonal pattern of variation. No important effect of clam age on enzyme activity levels of haemocytes was detected. In those cytochemical assays in which distinction between granulocytes and hyalinocytes was possible, lysosomal enzymes were only found in granulocytes. Phosphatase was detected inside cytoplasmic granules of granulocytes, suggesting the granules to be lysosomes. NADPH oxidase was not detected in clam haemocytes, which is consistent with the absence of oxidative metabolism coupled with phagocytosis in haemocytes of this clam species. Levels of lysozyme detected inside haemocytes were higher than in serum. 相似文献
30.
Jeff A. Hughes Ronald E. Hurlbert Richard A. Rupp Kemet D. Spence 《Journal of insect physiology》1983,29(8):625-632
The haemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae and pupae has been analyzed for proteins potentially associated with the bacterial defence response of the insect. Five proteins, M13, M18, M20, M23, and M24 in pupae, and M4, M11, M13, M18 and M23 in larvae, are induced by the injection of bacteria into the haemolymph. Proteins M4 and M11 are always present at high levels in uninjected pupae. Proteins M20 and M24 could not be induced in larvae. These proteins, as well as those not showing a response to bacterial challenge or injury, were also analyzed for presence of disulphide bonds and carbohydrate moieties, and their apparent molecular weights determined. 相似文献