Minority cytotypes in European populations of the Gymnadenia conopsea complex (Orchidaceae) greatly increase intraspecific and intrapopulation diversity

Background and Aims

Patterns of ploidy variation among and within populations can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping the dynamics of plant systems showing ploidy diversity. Whereas data on majority ploidies are, by definition, often sufficiently extensive, much less is known about the incidence and evolutionary role of minority cytotypes.

Methods

Ploidy and proportions of endoreplicated genome were determined using DAPI (4'',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) flow cytometry in 6150 Gymnadenia plants (fragrant orchids) collected from 141 populations in 17 European countries. All widely recognized European species, and several taxa of less certain taxonomic status were sampled within Gymnadenia conopsea sensu lato.

Key Results

Most Gymnadenia populations were taxonomically and/or ploidy heterogeneous. Two majority (2x and 4x) and three minority (3x, 5x and 6x) cytotypes were identified. Evolution largely proceeded at the diploid level, whereas tetraploids were much more geographically and taxonomically restricted. Although minority ploidies constituted <2 % of the individuals sampled, they were found in 35 % of populations across the entire area investigated. The amount of nuclear DNA, together with the level of progressively partial endoreplication, separated all Gymnadenia species currently widely recognized in Europe.

Conclusions

Despite their low frequency, minority cytotypes substantially increase intraspecific and intrapopulation ploidy diversity estimates for fragrant orchids. The cytogenetic structure of Gymnadenia populations is remarkably dynamic and shaped by multiple evolutionary mechanisms, including both the ongoing production of unreduced gametes and heteroploid hybridization. Overall, it is likely that the level of ploidy heterogeneity experienced by most plant species/populations is currently underestimated; intensive sampling is necessary to obtain a holistic picture.     

Skull variation in the Siberian roe deer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Capreolus pygargus</Emphasis> from the Far East: a revision of the distribution of the subspecies

Extremely widespread in the Palaearctic, roe deer are heterogeneous in many ways including their morphology. At present, two roe deer species and four basic subspecies are acknowledged. The taxonomic system of the Siberian roe deer is poorly developed compared to that of the European roe deer. One of the principal points of roe deer systematics is the determination of the boundaries of the ranges of the roe deer subspecies requiring a thorough study of the species’ diversity. By using craniometry, one of the most adequate systematics techniques, we have analyzed geographical distribution of the Suberian roe deer in the Russian Far East and adjacent areas. All studied specimens were separated into three groups, the distributions of craniometric parameters of two of which did not overlap. One of the groups corresponds to Capreolus pygargus pygargus Pallas, 1771, while the other two do not correspond to any of the Siberian roe deer subspecies presently acknowledged. We have shown that the C. pygargus pygargus range extends to the east to the Northern Primorye, i.e., it is 2,000 to 3,000 km wider than previously believed. The subspecies status of Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus Satunin, 1906 was not confirmed. The Southern Primorye and left bank of the Amur River are thus a part of the range of Capreolus pygargus melanotis Miller, 1911, penetrating here from the Northeastern China.     

两种盐生植物内生真菌多样性及其功能预测

【背景】植物内生菌是微生物群落中一类非常重要的组成部分,是重要的微生物资源库,在植物促生、抗逆等多个领域有重要的研究和应用价值。【目的】进一步了解干旱荒漠区盐生植物内生真菌的多样性、群落结构和潜在功能特征。【方法】对生长在乌兹别克斯坦西咸海岸边的两种盐生植物毛足假木贼(Anabasis eriopoda abbreviated as AE)和展枝假木贼(A. truncata abbreviated as AT)的内生真菌群落进行扩增子测序分析。【结果】共获得166个ampliconsequencingvariants(ASVs),涉及4门49属,其中Neocamarosporium、Botryosphaeria和Alternaria及其所属高级分类单元是优势类群。多样性和群落组成分析显示两种盐生植物的内生真菌存在较为明显的差异,并包含一些潜在的新分类单元。基于PICRUSt2和FUNGuild的功能预测结果表明这两种盐生植物内生真菌的潜在功能和营养方式多样且表现出宿主差异性。【结论】盐生植物内生真菌具有较高的多样性和潜在的资源价值,有待进一步挖掘和研究。     

Cd胁迫下不同耐性豆科植物根内活性氧产生与基因组DNA多态性变化

采用溶液培养法,研究了镉胁迫对绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗根基因组DNA多态性和活性氧产生的影响.结果表明:Cd胁迫降低了2种植物根尖基因组DNA模板的稳定性,导致DNA多态性发生了变化,包括RAPD谱带的增加、缺失及其荧光强度的改变;同时,Cd胁迫抑制了根的伸长生长,促进了根内超氧阴离子( O2-)产生和过氧化氢(H2O2)积累;Cd胁迫下2种植物根的伸长与其根内O2-产生、H2O2积累以及DNA多态性呈负相关,DNA多态性与Cd胁迫下H2 O2积累呈正相关.     

海岸带的景观生态特征及其管理

本文依据海岸带的生态学特征,利用景观生态学的原理、方法及控制论和热力学理论来指导海岸带的规划、保护和管理,对改善海岸带的质量,提高其社会效益和经济效益起到明显的效果。     

Molecular evidence for mating asymmetry and female choice in a pocket gopher (Thomomys) hybrid zone

This paper presents circumstantial evidence that the mating system of the North American pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) is a promiscuous one, with female choice at its base. A molecular marker (a length variant in the mitochondrial Control region [D-loop]) is used to show mating asymmetry in a hybrid zone between the species Thomomys bottae and Thomomys townsendii in north-eastern California. All hybrids result from a bottae mother × townsendii father cross. Because of significant differences in body size and resulting burrow diameter, bottae females must have actively sought their respective townsendii mates for the asymmetry in mating to have occurred, signalling female choice in these subterranean mammals that are otherwise characterized by exclusive-use territories, skewed adult sex ratio in favour of females, and high variance in male reproductive success.     

沙漠／黄土过渡带13 Ka BP以来季风演化的古植被记录

利用花粉分析结果并结合有机碳δ＾１３Ｃ及高精度＾１４Ｃ测年等资料,阐明沙漠／黄土过渡区１３ｋａ ＢＰ以来古植被记录的季风气候事件。古植被经历了荒漠草原－干草原－半荒漠－湿润草原－荒漠－疏林草原－荒漠草原－草原－荒漠草原９个阶段。冰后期的半荒漠－湿润草原－荒漠对应于其中冷干－凉湿－冷干的Ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ Ｄｒｙａｓ事件,全新世气候适宜期以及４．５－３．５ｋａ ＢＰ的另一气候料适宜期等在研究区均有明显表     

粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态修复工程中的景感生态学应用分析

海岸带作为沿海地区的特有资源,不仅承担着生态保障、生产发展的功能,也是居民生活、休闲、娱乐的重要空间。景感生态学强调将人的物理感知、心理认知以及社会经济可持续发展理念融入到生态环境的规划、建设与管理中,对当前粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态修复工程具有指导意义。以粤港澳大湾区海岸带的18个生态受损点及修复工程为例,通过文献调研和实地踏查,开展其对居民的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等物理感知,以及心理认知等景感内涵方面的作用,总结了海岸带景感营造的实现思路与方法。研究认为将景感生态学理论与方法应用于海岸带生态修复工程规划、设计和建设全过程,有助于细化生态修复各层级具体目标,全面提升生态系统服务和提高生态产品质量,提升周边居民的满意度和幸福感。     

Eco-geographical distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Hedysarum scoparium in the desert zone of northwestern China

Aims To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Hedysarum scoparium in semi-arid and arid lands, species diversity and ecological distribution of AM fungi associated with Hedysarum scoparium were elucidated in a desert ecosystem of northwestern China.     

Annual winter water level drawdowns limit shallow‐water mussel densities in small lakes

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