海洋生境修复和生物资源养护原理与技术研究进展及展望

由于人类活动导致的海洋生境、生态系统以及生物资源的衰退已经引起了全球的高度重视。以生态修复的原理为基础,综述了海洋生境修复和生物资源养护的关键设施、关键技术、监测与效果评价以及综合管理的国内外研究进展,并对海洋生境修复与生物资源养护的研究热点和重点进行了展望,以期为我国海洋生境修复和生物资源养护提供参考。     

东灵山地区大步甲属物种分布和季节变化的多样性格局

针对东灵山地区的11种不同生境,利用巴氏罐诱法研究大步甲属（Carabus）种类多样怀及其变化与生境的关系,结果表明：（1）本地区有大步甲10种,其中C.manifestus Kraatz和C.crassesculptus Kraatz为优势种,占总数的70.8％,与C.smaragdinus Fischer、C.vladimirskyi Dejean和C.sculptipennis Chaudoir一起构成本地区的常见种;（2）从物种丰富度和数量看,由高到低依次为小龙门林区（以森林为主）、梨园岭退耕区（以灌丛和萌生丛为主）、东灵山主峰区（高海拔,亚高山植物）;物种多样性指数（H‘）由高到低依次为梨园岭退耕区、小龙门林区、东灵山主峰区;均匀度指数值（E）梨园岭退耕区最高,其次为东灵山主峰区,再次为小龙门地区;（3）利用物种的发生与频度数据,对11种不同生境进行栖息地相似性聚类分析,发现东灵山主峰区的3种生境可归为一类,小龙门林区5种生境可归为另一类,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎萌生丛单独为一类,梨园岭退耕区的山杏和荆条灌丛构成一类,这反映了大步甲属种类分布的地域及生境特点,特别是生境内的湿度、温度和地表覆盖层等特点;（4）通过物种间的相关分析看出：C.smaragdinus和C.granulatus呈显著的正相关关系,反映了它们对退耕区的选择倾向;C.crassesculptus、C.canaliculatus、C.manifestus和Carabus sp.之间,虽然后两种间未达到显著性,但彼此呈正相关关系,反映了这些物种对森林生境选择倾向;（5）大步甲成虫的季节性活动主要在4-9月份间,高峰期集中在6-8份月,各物种在生境内有不同的季节变化趋势,与该地区季节性气候变化一致。研究表明,大步甲物种分布受生境内的湿度、温度、地表覆盖层等环境因素影响,物种多样性与生境肥干扰程度有关,生态恢复将对物种多样性保护具有重要意义。     

Local weather and body condition influence habitat use and movements on land of molting female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)

Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are known to move and aggregate while molting, but little is known about their behavior on land during this time. In this study, 60 adult females were monitored (23 with GPS tags) during four molting seasons, between 2012 and 2016 at Kerguelen Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Population surveys were recorded each year (N = 230 daily counts), and habitat use was analyzed in relation to the stage of the molt and local weather. Based on stage of molt, habitat use, and movements on land, we classified the molt of elephant seals into three phases: (1) a “search phase” at the initial stage of molt when grass and wallow habitats were used and characterized by greater mean distances travelled on land per day compared with the two other phases; (2) a “resident phase”: during initial and mid‐stage of molt when animals were found in grass and wallow habitats but with less distance moved on land; and (3) a “termination phase” at the final stage of molt where grass and beach habitats were occupied with no change in distances. Windchill and solar radiation influenced individual distances moved per day (mean 590 ± 237.0 m) at the mid‐ and final stage of molt such that animals travelled greater distances on days of low windchill or high solar radiation. Individual variation in distance moved and relative habitat use were also linked to body mass index (BMI) at arrival on the colony, as females with higher BMI moved less and preferred beach habitat. Moreover, the individual rate of molt increased with the use of wallows. Aggregation rate tended to be negatively correlated with distances moved. We therefore suggest that individuals face an energetic trade‐off while molting, balancing energy expenditure between movement and thermoregulation.     

完达山东部林区生境特征对东北林蛙产卵的影响

在研究人员逐渐将研究的焦点集中在栖息生境破碎化和生境丧失对在池塘繁育的两栖动物的影响方面。至今,许多研究已经评估了在多个空间尺度下生境因子对两栖类动物繁育池选择的影响。由于在1个繁育池内1只林蛙只产1团卵,因此利用繁育池内蛙卵团数与生境因子之间存在的内在联系建立生境选择函数模型,探究林蛙繁育期不同生境因子对东北林蛙种群大小的影响。从2012年到2014年5月初至7月末的东北林蛙繁育期,在完达山东部五泡林场,共调查了105个水池,93.33%的池塘中发现了林蛙卵团。在繁育池微生境尺度水平,广义可加模型分析表明,繁育池面积对东北林蛙卵团数产生积极影响,对林蛙卵团数的贡献为0.17;但林木郁闭度和繁育池水表面杂物盖度对林蛙卵团数产生负面影响,对林蛙卵团数贡献分别为-0.30和-0.43。在繁育池周围5km景观尺度水平,森林面积对蛙卵数产生积极影响,对GAM预测模型的贡献为17.99;公路干扰对蛙卵团数产生负面影响,随着距公路距离增加,林蛙卵团数增加,对GAM预测模型的贡献为1.40。研究结果表明,虽然在繁育池微生境尺度水平预测模型包含的变量较景观尺度水平预测模型包含的变量多,但两个模型对于预测林蛙个体产卵团数均有效。因此,可以认为,保护林蛙种群生存和繁育,需要优先保护面积为4—150 m~2,池内水表面有一定杂物覆盖(0—14%),林木郁闭度较小(约10%),森林覆盖率高,距公路较远的区域。     

Species–area relationship within benthic habitat patches of a tropical floodplain river: An experimental test

The curvilinear relationship between species richness and habitat area (species–area relationship (SAR)) is a fundamental ecological pattern. The relationship is often viewed from a long‐term perspective across relatively large spatial scales, reflecting a balance between immigration and extinction dynamics. We explored whether predictions of SAR also manifest over short time periods (days) in benthic habitat patches of a dynamic floodplain river where littoral faunal assemblages are continuously assembled and disassembled with changing water levels. We examined the relationship of patch size with faunal abundance (i.e. fish and aquatic invertebrates), taxonomic richness, trophic group richness and overall assemblage composition. Strong taxa–area relationships emerged despite the relatively short experimental time period (21 days); larger patches had more taxa and trophic groups. For the smallest patches, taxonomic richness was especially sensitive to abundance of individuals; abundance of individuals was a less important predictor of taxonomic and trophic group richness for the largest patches. Despite the relatively short time frame for study within this temporally dynamic ecosystem, our findings indicate a strong SAR for fishes and macroinvertebrates inhabiting patchy habitats in the littoral zone of this tropical river.     

周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛群落及叶蝉种群时空结构的影响

为利用天敌实施害虫生态控制,田间调查了周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉种群结构的影响。结果表明:小乔木生境茶园(Ⅰ)和相思树生境茶园(Ⅲ)影响下茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉聚集程度较强,茶园Ⅰ叶蝉聚集数最多,为692头,但与其他生境茶园间差异不显著(P0.05);茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛聚集数量最多,为1155头,并与稻田生境茶园(Ⅱ)、生活区生境茶园(Ⅳ)的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);从蜘蛛功能群聚集情况来看,结网型蜘蛛相对较少,为295头;游猎型蜘蛛最多,为2957头;其中,茶园Ⅰ与茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛多样性指数和丰富度数值较大,对叶蝉的跟随效应明显,并与Ⅱ、Ⅳ茶园有显著差异(P0.05)。多元数据分析结果显示,茶园Ⅰ和茶园Ⅲ均能够明显提高蜘蛛群落聚集的时空分布水平;蜘蛛群落的聚集密度时空分布大小表现为:茶园Ⅰ茶园Ⅲ茶园Ⅳ茶园Ⅱ。由此可知周边生境结构植物丰富和相对稳定的茶园能通过和谐的生态过程影响蜘蛛和叶蝉的时空格局,提高蜘蛛对害虫叶蝉的自然控制能力。     

Breeding habitat and nest‐site selection by an obligatory “nest‐cleptoparasite”, the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis

The selection of a nest site is crucial for successful reproduction of birds. Animals which re‐use or occupy nest sites constructed by other species often have limited choice. Little is known about the criteria of nest‐stealing species to choose suitable nesting sites and habitats. Here, we analyze breeding‐site selection of an obligatory “nest‐cleptoparasite”, the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis. We collected data on nest sites at Muraviovka Park in the Russian Far East, where the species breeds exclusively in nests of the Eurasian Magpie Pica pica. We sampled 117 Eurasian Magpie nests, 38 of which were occupied by Amur Falcons. Nest‐specific variables were assessed, and a recently developed habitat classification map was used to derive landscape metrics. We found that Amur Falcons chose a wide range of nesting sites, but significantly preferred nests with a domed roof. Breeding pairs of Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo and Eurasian Magpie were often found to breed near the nest in about the same distance as neighboring Amur Falcon pairs. Additionally, the occurrence of the species was positively associated with bare soil cover, forest cover, and shrub patches within their home range and negatively with the distance to wetlands. Areas of wetlands and fallow land might be used for foraging since Amur Falcons mostly depend on an insect diet. Additionally, we found that rarely burned habitats were preferred. Overall, the effect of landscape variables on the choice of actual nest sites appeared to be rather small. We used different classification methods to predict the probability of occurrence, of which the Random forest method showed the highest accuracy. The areas determined as suitable habitat showed a high concordance with the actual nest locations. We conclude that Amur Falcons prefer to occupy newly built (domed) nests to ensure high nest quality, as well as nests surrounded by available feeding habitats.     

Species Invasiveness in Biological Invasions: A Modelling Approach

The study of invasiveness, the traits that enable a species to invade a habitat, and invasibility, the habitat characteristics that determine its susceptibility to the establishment and spread of an invasive species, provide a useful conceptual framework to formulate the biological invasion problem in a modelling context. Another important aspect is the complex interaction emerging among the invader species, the noninvader species already present in the habitat, and the habitat itself. Following a modelling approach to the biological invasion problem, we present a spatially explicit cellular automaton model (Interacting Multiple Cellular Automata (IMCA)). We use field parameters from the invader Gleditsia triacanthos and the native Lithraea ternifolia in montane forests of central Argentina as a case study to compare outputs and performance of different models. We use field parameters from another invader, Ligustrum lucidum, and the native Fagara coco from the same system to run the cellular automaton model. We compare model predictions with invasion values from aerial photographs. We discuss in detail the importance of factors affecting species invasiveness, and give some insights into habitat invasibility and the role of interactions between them. Finally, we discuss the relevance of mathematical modelling for studying and predicting biological invasions. The IMCA model provided a suitable context for integrating invasiveness, invasibility, and the interactions. In the invasion system studied, the presence of an invader's juvenile bank not only accelerated the rate of invasion but was essential to ensure invasion. Using the IMCA model, we were able to determine that not only adult survival but particularly longevity of the native species influenced the spread velocity of the invader, at least when a juvenile bank is present. Other factors determining velocity of invasion detected by the IMCA model were seed dispersal distance and age of reproductive maturity. We derived relationships between species' adult survival, fecundity and longevity of both theoretical and applied relevance for biological invasions. Invasion velocities calculated from the aerial photographs agreed well with predictions of the IMCA model.     

An assessment of red list data for the Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota): Umbria (Italy) as a test case

Abstract

A Red List of all 108 Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) species recorded in Umbria Region (central Italy) is provided. According to the IUCN categories and criteria, 60.18% of the assessed species are classified as threatened, whereas 12.96% are Near Threatened (NT), 1.86% are Least Concerned (LC) and a noteworthy amount of 25% are Data Deficient (DD). As a consequence of the downlisting applied to the majority of the assessed taxa, according to the guidelines for application of IUCN red list criteria at Regional level, only 1.54% of the threatened species is Critically Endangered (CR), while 46.15% are Endangered (EN) and 52.31% are Vulnerable (VU). Given that the present work represents the first complete regional red list of Pezizomycotina in Italy, and that a national, as well as a European red list do not exist to date, it could be considered as a case study for other Italian Regions as well as for other European countries, aiming at the compilation of a national and European red list of this fungal group mostly overlooked in conservation strategies.     

Arundo micrantha,a new reed species for Italy,threatened in the freshwater habitat by the congeneric invasive A. donax

Arundo micrantha Lam., a reed species from southern Mediterranean area, has found in Sardinia. Its presence represents the first record for Italy and the third one for western Europe. Investigations on distribution and ecology of the Sardinian population have been carried out, with special focusing on synecology of the species. A. micrantha has found in 40 localities mainly distributed along temporary streams and permanent rivers in the central and southern part of the island. Most of Sardinian populations occurs on alluvial soils in Thermomediterranean bioclimatic context. The autonomy of Sardinian phytocoenoses was characterized with the definition of exclusive floristic taxa, biological and chorological elements, and syndinamic relationships with other assemblages. Comparing the community with other reed beds from the Mediterranean basin, a marked floristic differentiation arose between the phytocoenoses characterized by autochthonous Arundo species and those dominated by the invasive Arundo donax. Finally, management activities are proposed to ensure the conservation of this threatened autochthonous plant community in freshwater habitat.