一类混合时滞的非线性耦合神经网络的同步

主要讨论了一类混合时滞的非线性耦合神经网络的同步问题.同时,考虑随机扰动以及参数的切换由某个马尔可夫链所确定等方面对其的影响.文中通过构造新的Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函,运用线性矩阵不等式（LMI）技术并结合Kronecker积来获得神经网络全局同步的充分性判据.由于这样得到的判据是LMI形式,因此可以由数学软件Matlab的LMI Toolbox对所获得的判据进行有效的验证和求解.此外,本文中我们对细胞激活函数做了更为一般的假设,从而使结论在LMI下可以减少保守性.     

Hierarchical status and colour preference in Nile tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>)

We studied the colour preference of isolated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and whether previous residence or body size can affect environmental colour choice. In the first phase, a cylindrical tank was divided into five differently coloured compartments (yellow, blue, green, white and red), a single fish was introduced into the tank and the frequency at which this fish visited each compartment was recorded over a 2-day study period. An increasingly larger fish (approx +2 cm in length each time) was then added into the tank on each of days 3, 5 and 7 (=four fish in the tank by day 7), and the frequency at which each fish visited the different compartments of the tank was observed twice a day to obtain visit frequency data on the differently sized fishes. This experiment was replicated six times. In the first phase, the solitary fish established residence inside the yellow compartment on the first and second days. Following the introduction of a larger fish, the smaller fish was displaced from the occupied compartment. Nile tilapia possibly shows this preference for yellow as a function of its visual spectral sensitivity and/or the spectral characteristics of its natural environment. Moreover, body size is an important factor in determining hierarchical dominance and territorial defence, and dominant fish chose the preferred environmental colour compartment as their territory.     

Duplex real-time PCR detection of type III effector tccP and tccP2 genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli and prevalence in raw milk cheeses

Aims: To develop a duplex real‐time PCR assay targeting enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) type III effector TccP/TccP2‐encoding genes which are pivotal to EHEC‐mediated actin cytoskeleton reorganization in human intestinal epithelial cells. Methods and Results: The specificity of the assay was demonstrated with DNA from EHEC reference strains and non‐E. coli bacterial species. The detection limit was determined as five tccP or tccP2 copies per reaction. The assay was then evaluated on a large collection of 526 E. coli strains of human, animal, food and environmental origins. The results showed that tccP was restricted to a limited number of serotypes (i.e. O5:H^?, O55:H7, O125:H6 and O157:H7). The tccP2 gene was present in a higher number of serotypes including the five most frequent EHEC serotypes (i.e. O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 and O157:H7), and a few other serotypes that caused human infections (i.e. O4:H^?, O45:H2 and O55:H7). A minority of O26:H11 and O103:H2 strains however tested negative for tccP2, though it is not known whether the lack of tccP2 affected their pathogenic potential. Real‐time PCR analysis of 400 raw milk cheeses revealed the presence of tccP and/or tccP2 genes in 19·75% of the cheese enrichment suspensions. Conclusions: A highly specific and sensitive duplex real‐time PCR method was developed for rapid and simultaneous detection of tccP and tccP2. Unpasteurized dairy products may be contaminated with E. coli strains carrying tccP and/or tccP2. Significance and Impact of the Study: The developed real‐time PCR assay represents a valuable alternative to conventional PCR tests and should be useful for characterization of the virulome of pathogenic E. coli strains.     

荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中耕层土壤碳储量演变特征

以河西走廊中段临泽荒漠绿洲区为研究对象,通过实地调查结合遥感影像辨析确定农田的开垦年限,对比不同开垦背景的农田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳储量(SOCD)的变化特征,研究荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中SOCD的演变趋势.结果表明: 研究区农田耕层SOCD在2.41～32.97 t·hm^-2范围变动,平均值为17.22 t·hm^-2;盐碱地、戈壁和沙地背景农田SOCD平均值分别为19.36、16.10、15.93 t·hm^-2.随着开垦年限的增加,农田耕层SOCD呈增加趋势,但沙地和戈壁背景农田开垦20年后增加趋势放缓,盐碱地背景的农田在25年后才表现出放缓趋势;沙地、戈壁和盐碱地背景农田土壤有机碳(SOC)的固存速率分别为0.424、0.485、0.811 t·hm^-2·a^-1.SOCD与全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关,而与速效钾、pH相关性不显著.综上所述,荒漠绿洲盐碱地背景农田SOC的固存速率显著高于戈壁、沙地背景农田,但开垦30年后不同背景农田SOCD仍处于较低水平,需要针对不同开垦背景对绿洲农田进行管理以提高荒漠绿洲土地利用效率和生产力.     

Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on searching,feeding and predation by Orius albidipennis (Hem., Anthocoridae) on Thrips tabaci (Thy., Thripidae) larvae

The generalist predator Orius albidipennis Reut. (Hem., Anthocoridae) and entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) are important biocontrol agents of Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thys., Thripidae) in most greenhouses. In this study, we estimated searching time, feeding time and predation rate in O. albidipennis feeding on untreated and treated thrips larvae which had been inoculated with three concentrations of M. anisopliae V275 at four time intervals; 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after infestation. Applied concentrations were 1×10³, 2×10⁴ and 2×10⁵ conidia/mL which roughly correspond to the LC₂₅, LC₅₀ and LC₇₅ for second instar-larvae. O. albidipennis responded to the presence of the M. anisopliae on the treated hosts by increasing the searching time and decreasing feeding time and predation rate levels. It was also able to detect and avoid treated patches.     

Evolutionary plasticity in prokaryotes: A panglossian view

Enzyme directed genetic mechanisms causing random DNA sequence alterations are ubiquitous in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. A number of molecular geneticist have invoked adaptation through natural selection to account for this fact, however, alternative explanations have also flourished. The population geneticist G.C. Williams has dismissed the possibility of selection for mutator activity on a priori grounds. In this paper, I attempt a refutation of Williams' argument. In addition, I discuss some conceptual problems related to recent claims made by microbiologists on the adaptiveness of molecular variety generators in the evolution of prokaryotes. A distinction is proposed between selection for mutations caused by a mutator activity and selection for the mutator activity proper. The latter requires a concept of fitness different from the one commonly used in microbiology.     

Fitness effects of sex ratio response to host quality and size in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia cameroni

The parasitoid wasp Spalangia cameroni oviposited a greaterproportion of daughters in stable fly pupae than in house flypupae, even when I controlled for stable flies being smallerthan house flies. Sex ratio manipulation in response to hostquality has been modeled as being adaptive through an effectof host quality on the size and hence offspring production ofdaughters. 5. cameronis response to host species may insteadbe adaptive through an effect on larval survivorship, the developmenttime of daughters, and the size of sons. There was greater survivalof daughters than sons on stable flies. Controlling for hostsize, I found that development time of daughters was about 2%less on stable flies than on house flies. The decrease in developmenttime corresponds to a 2% increase in fitness as estimated byr, the intrinsic rate of increase, and is equivalent to abouta 9% increase in offspring production. Sons were about 2% largerfrom house flies than stable flies, which may increase offspringproduction by up to 3%. Host species had no consistent effecton size of daughters or development time of sons. In additionto the response to host species, mothers oviposited a greaterproportion of daughters in larger stable fly hosts. Whetherthis behavior is adaptive is unclear. Although offspring werelarger when they developed on larger stable flies, the rateof increase was less for daughters dian for sons. Effects ofstable fly size on offspring development time were negligible.     

朱砂叶螨羧酸脂酶最优测试条件的选择

应用二次回归通用旋转组合设计,对朱砂叶螨离体羧酸酯酶测试过程中所需缓冲液pH值、恒温时间、反应温度及底物浓度,设立4因子5水平试验,在考虑4个因子主效应和互作效应的情况下,筛选测试羧酸酯酶的最优条件组合。