A comparison of gut evacuation models for larval mackerel (Scomber scombrus) using serial photography

A novel technique is described, using serial photography of the gut contents of transparent living larval fishes, to generate individual gut evacuation time series. This technique was applied to Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus larvae to compare three widely used models of gut evacuation: linear, exponential and square-root. Regression r ² for the exponential model exceeded those for the linear and square root models in 20 of 21 time series, strongly supporting the exponential model. At the initial gut fullness for each time series, total gut evacuation rates calculated with the exponential model averaged 2·2 and 1·3 times greater than those calculated with the linear and square-root models, respectively, and would produce correspondingly higher estimates of feeding rates for field-collected larvae with similar levels of gut fullness. The results highlight the importance of choosing the appropriate evacuation model in feeding studies, particularly those intended to examine short-term changes in larval fish feeding rates, a contributing factor to the highly variable yearly recruitment of many marine fish species.     

砂仁对抗生素所致肠道菌群失调小鼠调节作用的探讨

【摘要】 目的 通过建立抗生素诱导小鼠肠道菌群失调模型,应用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术分析小鼠肠道菌群失调前后经服用中药砂仁调理后肠道菌群指纹图谱的变化。方法 选用10只昆明种小鼠,正常培养7 d,适应环境后每天取粪便1次,连续3 d;菌群稳定后按100 mg/kg的头孢拉啶灌胃,每天灌胃2次,连续5 d,每天取粪便1次;上述小鼠随机分为两个组,自然恢复组(饲喂基础饲料)和砂仁处理组,每组5只。3 d后每天取粪便1次,连续3 d,提取细菌总DNA,以16S rRNA基因V3区通用引物扩增,对扩增的PCR产物进行DGGE电泳及指纹图谱分析并切胶测序比对。结果 抗生素处理后小鼠肠道菌群与正常小鼠差异有统计学意义,致病菌增加,砂仁处理组小鼠与正常小鼠的肠道菌群指纹图谱有很大的相似性,但与自然恢复组差异有统计学意义。结论 抗生素可导致小鼠肠道菌群失调,而中药砂仁对肠道菌群失调有明显的恢复作用。     

Sternal gland structures in males of bean flower thrips,Megalurothrips sjostedti,and Poinsettia thrips,Echinothrips americanus,in comparison with those of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Sternal pores are important features for identification of male thrips, especially within the subfamily Thripinae. They vary in shape, size and distribution even between species of one genus. Their functional role is speculated to be that of sex- and/or aggregation pheromone production. Yet, sexual aggregations are not reported in Echinothrips americanus, known to have sternal pores, while we observed aggregations in Megalurothrips sjostedti, previously reported to lack them.We examined the sternal glands and pores of the thripine species E. americanus and M. sjostedti males, in comparison with those of Frankliniella occidentalis using light microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pore plates of F. occidentalis were ellipsoid and medial on sternites III–VII, while in E. americanus they were distributed as multiple micro pore plates on sternites III–VIII. In M. sjostedti they appeared as an extremely small pore in front of the posterior margin of each of sternites IV–VII. Pore plate and pore plate area were distributed similarly on sternites III–VII in F. occidentalis. However, in E. americanus the total pore plate area increased significantly from sternites III to VIII. Ultrastructure of cells associated with sternal glands showed typical characteristics of gland cells that differ in size, shape and number. The function of sternal glands is further discussed on the basis of morphological comparisons with other thrips species.     

壶腹周围憩室对胆总管结石患者结石成分及胆道菌群的影响

探究壶腹周围憩室(periampullary diverticulum, PAD)对胆总管结石成分及胆道菌群的影响。

收集我院行内镜下取石治疗患者44例, 其中14例伴有PAD、30例无PAD, 使用红外光谱法和分光光度法分析结石样本中胆固醇、胆红素含量。从入组患者中分别筛选8例伴有PAD的患者为PAD组, 8例无PAD的为对照组, 收集患者胆汁样本, 提取样本中菌群DNA进行扩增并构建细菌基因文库, 经Illumina MiSeq平台高通量测序后进行生物信息学分析。最后对差异菌群与胆红素、胆固醇进行相关性分析。

2组患者对比年龄、胆管直径、结石直径和总胆红素(TBIL)等资料差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。2组患者结石中胆固醇和胆红素含量[(39.77±13.00)%vs(61.80±26.00)%, Z=-2.973, P=0.003;(27.03±13.00)%vs(12.27±16.00)%, Z=-2.999, P=0.003)差异存在统计学意义。PAD组与对照组Alpha多样性差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05), 而在物种群落组成上存在差异。卟啉单胞菌属、嗜胆菌属等10种菌属在PAD组中的丰度高于对照组, 真杆菌属、乳杆菌属较对照组降低, 差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。相较于对照组, PAD组牛磺酸和次牛磺酸的代谢、钙信号通路等5条通路差异存在统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。嗜胆菌属和卟啉单胞菌属与胆红素具有相关性(R²=0.701 3, P < 0.000 1;R²=0.286 8, P=0.032 5)。

伴有PAD的患者结石含有更高的胆红素成分。PAD的存在改变胆道菌群多样性、构成及丰度, 并可能通过菌群变化影响结石成分。

     

肠道菌群失衡对乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭患者血浆降钙素原升高的影响

目的 探讨肠道菌群失衡对乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭（hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure,HBV-ACLF）患者血浆降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）水平升高的影响。方法 检测29例HBV-ACLF（肝衰组）、14例慢性乙型肝炎（乙肝组）患者入院时的血浆PCT、内毒素（endotoxin,LPS）水平,收集患者新鲜尾便并通过高通量测序检测肠道菌群状况,统计分析两组患者间肠道菌群、B/E值、PCT和LPS水平的差异,以及肝衰组患者PCT、LPS、B/E值三者间的相关性。结果 与乙肝组患者比较,肝衰组厚壁菌门、放线菌门、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属等肠道菌群显著减少,而拟杆菌门、变形菌门、埃希菌属等肠道菌群过度生长,两组患者间各菌群比较差异均具有统计学意义（t=-4.84,Z=-2.84,Z=-2.57,Z=-4.39,t=3.59,t=2.64,t=2.19,P＜0.01、＜0.01、=0.01、＜0.01、＜0.01、=0.01、=0.04）;肝衰组PCT[0.50（0.96）]ng/mL、LPS（0.46±0.10）EU/mL、B/E值（0.04±0.01）,乙肝组PCT（0.08±0.02）ng/mL、LPS（0.05±0.02）EU/mL、B/E值（1.62±0.31）,各指标两组间比较差异均具有统计学意义（Z=-3.17,t=5.88,t=16.18,P＜0.01、0.01、0.01）;肝衰组B/E值与LPS水平呈负相关关系（r=‒0.81,P＜0.01）,B/E值与PCT水平呈负相关关系（r=‒0.79,P＜0.01）,且PCT水平与LPS呈正相关关系（r=0.76,P＜0.01）。结论 HBV-ACLF患者肠道菌群失衡导致肠源性LPS生成增多,而肠源性LPS促使PCT产生增多。     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、高迁移率族蛋白B1与溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群变化的相关性

目的 探讨单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）与溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者肠道菌群变化的相关性。方法 选取2016年9月‒2018年1月遂宁市中心医院收治的98例UC患者资料,根据Mayo评分系统将UC患者分为活动期组（n=50）和缓解期组（n=48）。选取同期进行体检的健康人50例作为对照组。比较各组间肠道菌群,血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平,并进行Pearson相关分析。结果 活动期组患者肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量[（5.34±0.87）、（5.81±0.83）CFU/g]显著低于缓解期组和对照组[（8.07±0.86）、（8.35±0.88）CFU/g;（8.13±0.91）、（8.46±0.95）CFU/g]（F=12.035,P0.05）。活动期组和缓解期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[（267.42±23.51）、（21.35±2.26）ng/mL;（188.15±20.73）、（6.28±1.38）ng/mL]显著高于对照组[（106.38±15.92）、（2.13±0.41）ng/mL]（F=84.163,P<0.001;F=25.386,P<0.001）;活动期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[（267.42±23.51）、（21.35±2.26）ng/mL]显著高于缓解期组[（188.15±20.73）、（6.28±1.38）ng/mL]（t=17.676、39.641,均P<0.05）。经过Pearson相关性分析,MCP-1、HMGB1与UC患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量呈负相关（r=‒0.715、‒0.659,r=‒0.703、‒0.614,均P<0.001）,与大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌含量呈正相关（r=0.783、0.702,r=0.762、0.735,r=0.653、0.612,均P<0.001）。结论 MCP-1、HMGB1作为促炎因子可介导肠黏膜炎性反应,引起UC患者肠道菌群的紊乱。     

Exploring the bovine rumen bacterial community from birth to adulthood

The mammalian gut microbiota is essential in shaping many of its host''s functional attributes. One such microbiota resides in the bovine digestive tract in a compartment termed as the rumen. The rumen microbiota is necessary for the proper physiological development of the rumen and for the animal''s ability to digest and convert plant mass into food products, making it highly significant to humans. The establishment of this microbial population and the changes occurring with the host''s age are important for understanding this key microbial community. Despite its importance, little information about colonization of the microbial populations in newborn animals, and the gradual changes occurring thereafter, exists. Here, we characterized the overall bovine ruminal bacterial populations of five age groups, from 1-day-old calves to 2-year-old cows. We describe the changes occurring in the rumen ecosystem after birth, reflected by a decline in aerobic and facultative anaerobic taxa and an increase in anaerobic ones. Some rumen bacteria that are essential for mature rumen function could be detected as early as 1 day after birth, long before the rumen is active or even before ingestion of plant material occurs. The diversity and within-group similarity increased with age, suggesting a more diverse but homogeneous and specific mature community, compared with the more heterogeneous and less diverse primary community. In addition, a convergence toward a mature bacterial arrangement with age was observed. These findings have also been reported for human gut microbiota, suggesting that similar forces drive the establishment of gut microbiotas in these two distinct mammalian digestive systems.     

儿童功能性便秘患者肠道菌群及血清脑肠肽水平的变化

目的 探讨儿童功能性便秘(FC)患者肠道菌群及血清脑肠肽水平的变化。 方法 选取2017年1月至2019年4月在我院儿科门诊治疗的80例FC患儿为研究组,选择同期于体检中心检查的无胃肠道疾病的30例健康儿童为健康组。研究组患儿根据病情轻重分为轻中度组(52例)和重度组(28例)。比较各组儿童肠道菌群数量[乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠埃希菌]及血清脑肠肽指标[一氧化氮(NO)、P物质(SP)和血管活性肠肽(VIP)]水平的差异。 结果 研究组患儿肠道双歧杆菌[(8.16±0.89)lg CFU/g]和乳杆菌数量[(7.92±0.83)lg CFU/g]明显少于健康组[(8.94±0.97)lg CFU/g、(8.63±0.91)lg CFU/g],而大肠埃希菌数量[(8.12±0.81)lg CFU/g]明显多于健康组[(7.30±0.72)lg CFU/g],差异有统计学意义(t=2.37、2.35、2.44,P结论 FC患儿存在肠道菌群失调和脑肠肽分泌异常,且随着病情的加重其肠道菌群失调及脑肠肽分泌异常越发明显。     

珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区蕨类植物区系研究

在野外实地调查和室内标本整理以及查阅文献的基础上,对珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区蕨类植物区系进行研究,为探讨喜马拉雅植物区系的起源以及该区生物多样性的保护提供资料。结果表明:(1)珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区共有蕨类植物193种,隶属于31科59属,其中优势科为鳞毛蕨科(51种)、水龙骨科(41种)、蹄盖蕨科(22种)、铁角蕨科(10种),优势属为耳蕨属(27种)、鳞毛蕨属(20种)、瓦韦属(17种)。(2)科的分布区类型有8种,以泛热带分布型(55.56%)为主;属的分布区类型有14种,以泛热带分布型(23.81%)、中国-喜马拉雅分布型(19.05%)为主;蕨类植物以土生(55.88%)为主,石生(24.35%)和附生(21.76%)也占有一定比例,缺乏水生蕨类。(3)珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区蕨类植物区系成分与南迦巴瓦峰地区联系最为密切,其次为横断山地区和尼泊尔,与九塞沟自然保护区、秦岭地区有一定的联系,与西双版纳地区的关系较为疏远。