Some physiological observations on the uptake of d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose by starving and exponentially-growing yeasts

Some methods for measuring the uptake of sugars by yeasts were investigated critically. A study was made of the effects of starvation of Pichia pinus, Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodosporidium toruloides on their uptake of d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Marked changes in the rates of uptake of these sugars occurred during 10 h of starvation, including (a) an immediate increase of up to 75% above that for growing cells and (b) a continuous decline to as little as 4%. Each yeast behaved differently. The rates did not remain constant during the periods of starvation often used for studies on the transport of sugars into yeasts. For Pichia pinus, there were striking differences, associated with starvation, between the transport of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and d-glucose, despite evidence that the two sugars enter this yeast by means of the same carrier. Some physiological explanations for these findings are discussed.     

Regulation of amino acid transport in growing cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans

The uptake of various amino acids into Streptomyces hydrogenans grown in chemostatically and turbidostatically controlled steady state cultures has been investigated. A close correlation between transport capacity and the growth rates of the cells was found. As shown by kinetic analysis, the increased transport is due to elevated maximum uptake rates, the apparent Michaelis constants remaining unchanged. Analysis of the unidirectional fluxes of cycloleucine revealed that not only the influx is raised as the growth rate is increased but also the efflux. Hence, the conclusion is drawn that the growth-rate dependent modulation of transport capacity is, at least, partially due to the variation of the concentration of active transport components. Since the cells were grown in the absence of external amino acids the results suggest that amino acid transport into S. hydrogenans is under the control of endogenous effectors.List of Abbreviations AIB 2-aminoisobutyric acid - Cycloleucine 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid     

Early development and pathogenesis of Lobatostoma manteri Rohde (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea)

The prosobranch Planaxis sulcatus is reported as a new natural host of Lobatostoma manteri at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Planaxis sulcatus and Cerithium moniliferum were experimentally infected with large numbers of eggs. The larvae hatch in the stomach and migrate immediately along the ducts of the digestive gland into the digestive follicles. The larvae feed on the secretion and probably epithelial cells of the follicles. The acetabulum is used for adhesion to the epithelium and contributes to its erosion. In heavily infected snails, the digestive follicles disappear gradually and the larvae live in cavities lined by a flattened epithelium, parts of which show secretory activity. In snails dissected 47–49 and 65–66 days after infection, the cavities are fused, forming several large spaces which communicate with each other; only small parts of the epithelium are still secretory. Concentrations of amoebocytes occur in the walls of the digestive gland and in the wall between digestive gland and stomach of infected Planaxis. Some young worms were found in the stomach of Planaxis. No tissue reactions were seen around the stomach except in the wall between digestive gland and stomach. In Cerithium with 65–67 days old infection, the cavities contain much detritus and disintegrating cells, the epithelium is practically non-secretory and surrounded by loose connective tissue. In larvae with a body length of approximately 0·5–0·6 mm, the acetabulum begins to divide into alveoli and its anterior end grows forward; the anterior alveoli gradually increase in size and new alveoli are formed in the posterior undivided zone. In two specimens of approximately 1·3 mm body length, the whole adhesive disk was divided into half the number of alveoli usually found in adults. Allometric shifts during growth of the worms are analysed.     

The development of the rostellar hooks of Taeni pisiformis.

Beveridge I. &; Rickard M. D. 1976. The development of the rostellar hooks of Taenia pisiformis. International Journal for Parasitology6: 55–59. Growth and development of the rostellar hooks of Taenia pisiformis were examined in experimentally infected rabbits. Hook differentiation and the sizes of various parts of the hook were related to the age of cysticerci, the ability of cysticerci to resist the effects of digestive enzymes in vitro and their ability to infect dogs. Hook growth was completed 56 DAI though cysticerci were capable of evaginating in vitro 35 DAI and of infecting dogs 42 DAI. When 42-day old cysticerci were fed to dogs, no further hook growth occurred.     

INHIBITION OF CHLORELLA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) GROWTH BY FATTY ACIDS, USING THE PAPER DISC METHOD1,2

Using the paper disc-agar plate method, a number of fatty and related acids have been tested for tested activity for inhibiting the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. Of the saturated acids, a peak in growth inhibiting activity wax observed in the C₇–C₁₂ range, where inhibition wax observed when solutions down to 0.02 M were applied to the discs. Most of the unsaturated acids tested showed greater inhibition than did the corresponding saturated acids. Acrylic acid showed detectable inhibition at 0.001 M concentration.     

SODIUM: SOME EFFECTS ON BLUEGREEN ALGAL GROWTH1

The growth of heterocystous bluegreen algae in various concentrations of sodium, was examined in axenic culture as well as in situ studies. Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. with no Na⁺ added, suffered from decreased rates of acetylene reduction, ¹⁴C, assimilation, excretion of organic C as well as lower concentrations of chlorophyll a and particulate organic C compared to cultures supplied with 5, 10, and 50 mg Na⁺·l⁻¹ Sodium deficient algae released, extracellularly a higher percentage of previously fixed C as organic C. No differences in any parameter measured were demonstrable among cultures grown with 5, 10, and 50 mg Na⁺·l⁻¹ High nitrate concentrations (20 mg NO₃⁻·l⁻¹) resulted in decreased rates of acetylene reduction and heterocyst numbers in. Na sufficient, and Na deficient cultures: however, decreased, cellular Na content at high NO₃⁻ levels occurred only in N deficient, cultures. Higher percentages of excreted organic C occurred with increasing NO₃⁻ concentrations in Na deficient cultures. Sodium enrichment of natural bluegreen populations with the addition of 50, 100, and 200 mg Na⁺·l⁻¹ elicited neither a stimulatory nor an inhibitory response in photosynthetic C fixation. In contrast, the addition of small amounts of Na⁺ (5 mg·l⁻) resulted in increased C fixation. However, since the Na. concentration of the lake water, at ca. 5 mg Na⁺·l⁻¹, was sufficient for growth of the bluegreens present, sodium, is not assumed to be limiting under most natural conditions. No increase in in situ acetylene reduction rates occurred with additions of sodium.     

不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗生长和叶片性状对氮磷添加的响应

人类活动改变了氮素从大气向陆地生态系统输入的方式和速率,进而导致森林生态系统养分变化和失衡。研究氮磷添加对不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗生长和叶片性状的影响,可以为全球氮磷沉降背景下亚热带地区樟树人工林的经营管理提供依据。本试验以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH_4Cl)作为氮肥模拟大气氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)模拟磷添加。氮磷处理设置CK、施N、施P和施N+P 4个水平,种植密度设置10、20、40和80株·m~(-2 )4个水平。实验数据表明:N、P和N+P处理对樟树幼苗的苗高和地径均有促进作用,且N+P处理对幼苗生长的促进效果最好。N、P和N+P处理在整体上均能增加幼苗叶片的SPAD值,N和N+P处理均增加了幼苗叶片的比叶面积(SLA),而P处理减少了幼苗的SLA。随着种植密度的增大,N、P和N+P处理下樟树平均单株幼苗的苗高、地径、SPAD值呈现下降的趋势,各施肥处理下叶片的SLA变化规律不明显。密度和氮磷添加对叶片的SPAD值产生显著的交互作用。     

Design,synthesis, and biological screening of a series of 4′-fluoro-benzotriazole-acrylonitrile derivatives as microtubule-destabilising agents (MDAs)

Introduction: Colchicine-binding site inhibitors are some of the most interesting ligands belonging to the wider family of microtubule-destabilising agents.Results: A novel series of 4′-fluoro-substituted ligands (5–13) was synthesised. The antiproliferative activity assays resulted in nM values for the new benzotriazole-acrylonitrile derivatives. Compound 5, the hit compound, showed an evident blockade of HeLa cell cycle in the G2-M phase, but also a pro-apoptotic potential, and an increase of early and late apoptotic cells in HeLa and MCF-7 cell cycle analysis. Confocal microscopy analysis showed a segmented shape and a collapse of the cytoskeleton, as well as a consistent cell shrinkage after administration of 5 at 100 nM. Derivative 5 was also proved to compete with colchicine at colchicine-binding site, lowering its activity against tubulin polymerisation. In addition, co-administration of 5 and doxorubicin in drug-resistant A375 melanoma cell line highlighted a synergic potential in terms of inhibition of cell viability.Discussion: The 4′-fluoro substitution of benzotriazole-acrylonitrile scaffold brought us a step forward in the optimisation process to obtain compound 5 as promising MDA antiproliferative agent at nanomolar concentration.     

升温突变对川西不同坡向和海拔岷江冷杉径向生长的影响

坡向和海拔作为重要的地形因子决定着林木立地条件的水热分配,为揭示川西地区升温突变前后制约岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)径向生长的气候因子变化及其在坡向和海拔上的响应格局,通过树木年轮学方法构建了4个坡向(NE、N、NW和W)的3个海拔梯度(≥3650 m)共12个岷江冷杉的标准年表,采用皮尔逊相关分析和回归分析的方法分析了升温突变前后(1980年)限制岷江冷杉径向生长主要气候因子的变化及径向生长的变化趋势。结果表明：升温前,生长季(7月)低温和降水、前一年冬季(10—11月)最高温和平均温制约岷江冷杉的生长,而当年春季(3月)温度的升高和生长季前(5月)较多的降水不利于其生长。升温后,4个坡向的林线、东北坡中海拔,西坡中、低海拔岷江冷杉的径向生长与大部分月温度表现为正相关关系,且上述样点树木径向生长明显加速。1980年升温前,制约不同样点岷江冷杉径向生长的气候因子具有一致性——坡向和海拔对其径向生长与温度相关关系的干扰和影响较小。增温促进了各坡向林线岷江冷杉的径向生长,且偏阳坡在更大的海拔范围内对增温表现出正反馈。研究对未来气候变化背景下川西不同坡...     

猪伪狂犬病病毒流行株HLJ-01的分离鉴定及致病性分析

【背景】自2011年以来,猪伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)发生变异,经典的疫苗株已不能完全抵抗PRV变异株的感染,国内多个猪场出现伪狂犬病的暴发,PRV变异毒株开始在我国大规模流行。【目的】通过分离PRV流行变异毒株,并对其进行遗传进化和致病性分析,为PRV流行病学调查及疫苗研制提供实验数据。【方法】采集黑龙江某猪场感染PRV的脑组织病料,根据GenBank PRV gE和gB保守序列设计引物,进行PCR鉴定。通过对gE和gC基因进行序列测定和遗传进化分析。利用BHK-21细胞分离病毒,采用噬斑纯化方法对病毒进行纯化。通过电镜、间接免疫荧光对病毒进行鉴定,测定病毒生长曲线并进行致病性研究。【结果】经PCR和测序鉴定分离株为PRV流行株,将其命名为HLJ-01。遗传进化分析结果显示,该分离毒株与我国近几年分离的流行变异株位于同一分支;氨基酸序列分析结果显示,gE和gC存在国内流行变异株的特征序列,表明该分离毒株为流行变异株。生长曲线显示,分离株HLJ-01在感染48h时滴度最高(10^8.5TCID₅₀/mL)。电镜观察结果显示,病毒颗粒直径约150nm,呈球形,有囊膜,囊膜外有放射状纤突,呈现典型PRV病毒特征。动物感染实验结果显示,10^7.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为100%;10^6.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为80%;10^5.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为60%。仔猪在接种病毒后均出现PRV感染的典型症状和病理变化,证实分离毒株对仔猪有较强致病力。【结论】分离获得一株猪伪狂犬病毒,经鉴定该分离株为流行变异株,而且具有较强的致病力,这为PRV流行病学分析及疫苗候选株的筛选奠定了基础。