Impact of leaf removal as a source of stresses on grapevine yields,chemical characteristics,and anthocyanin content in the grapevine variety Babica

Leaf removal (LR) treatments improve the photosynthetic capacity of the remaining leaves and induce flavonoid synthesis as a stress response in the common grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). However, excessive exposure of grape berries to UV-B radiation as a result of cultural practices in the Mediterranean climate may have negative effects on berry composition. This 2-year study determined the effects of defoliation on the autochthonous red grape variety ‘Babica’ in a Mediterranean climate (wine-growing region Dalmatia, Croatia). Six leaves were removed before flowering (FLR) and at the end of véraison (the onset of grape ripening; VerLR) and were compared to the untreated control. Yield parameters, sugar content, grape must pH, total polyphenols (TP), total anthocyanin (TA) content, and individual anthocyanin compounds were measured in grape skin extracts and wines. However, the greater mean daily temperature during the vegetation period and lesser rainfall before harvest in 2018 increased yield per vine, average cluster weights, density, and total acidity, compared to 2017. Both defoliation treatments significantly reduced TP in grape extracts, but these differences were not observed in wine. Compared to the control (NLR), VerLR treatment significantly reduced TA in grape skin extracts and wine. Significantly lesser TP concentrations, in grape skin extracts and wine, as well as TA were noticed during the 2017 season. VerLR treatment reduced the concentration of nine individual anthocyanins compared to the control in grape skin extracts, while this effect was not observed in wine. Season year was a statistically significant source of variability of the individual anthocyanin contents in wine. Under specific environmental conditions LR can decrease polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, and negatively impact grape and wine quality.     

葡萄生态系统中自然微生物群落多样性及其代谢酶系统的研究现状

自然微生物是影响葡萄生理生长和葡萄酒质量的重要因素,广泛存在于葡萄和葡萄酒的生态系统中.其中,微生物的种类、数量和生长分布取决于气候、土壤、生长时期和发酵过程控制等多种因素.自然状态下,葡萄微生态系统的物种组成和代谢作用直接影响葡萄藤的健康和葡萄酒的发酵质量,并产生特定的葡萄酒风土特征.因此,本文对现有研究的葡萄园土壤...     

木那格葡萄快速繁殖及愈伤组织的诱导和继代

研究了木那格葡萄快速繁殖并确定了木那格葡萄愈伤组织诱导和继代的适宜条件。将木那格葡萄种子无菌处理,获得无菌幼苗,以单芽茎段为外植体,对木那格葡萄快速繁殖条件进行优化;以叶片为外植体,确定愈伤组织诱导和继代的适宜条件。结果表明：使用70%乙醇灭菌30s,0．1%升汞灭菌3min,使用浸湿的滤纸培养,适宜木那格葡萄种子萌发,萌发率为70%;适宜单芽茎段不定芽再生的培养基为B5 6-BA 0．05mg/L IBA 0．3mg/L 蔗糖30g/L,不定芽增殖倍数为1．25;适宜不定芽生根的培养基为B5 IBA 0．2mg/L 蔗糖30g/L,平均单芽生根数为5．09,平均根长2．97cm;适宜愈伤诱导的培养基为B5 6-BA1．5mg/ L NAA 0．2mg/L 蔗糖30g/L,愈伤诱导率为100%;适宜愈伤继代的培养基为B5 6-BA 1mg/L 2,4-D 0．1mg/L 蔗糖30g/L。     

葡萄主要香气物质遗传调控研究进展

【目的】葡萄是重要的经济作物之一,香气是构成葡萄果实品质的重要组分之一。葡萄香气复杂,由包括萜烯类化合物、挥发性脂肪族化合物、芳香族化合物、吡嗪类化合物以及含硫化合物等多种化合物构成,同时受多因素影响。遗传是影响其香气分布的主要因素,选育不同香气类型的葡萄品种是目前重要的育种目标之一,因此分析葡萄香气物质遗传模式是实现育种目标的基础。【评论】本文在综述葡萄香气测定方法的基础上,对葡萄果实香气性状遗传规律、香气性状的QTL定位研究进行归纳与分析。【展望】以期为未来葡萄香气遗传规律解析奠定理论支撑,为葡萄香气性状定向育种提供参考。     

和田设施温室6个葡萄品种光合和 叶绿素荧光日变化特征

【目的】探讨和田地区设施温室葡萄品种光合和叶绿素荧光日变化特征,综合评价其光合能力强弱,为该地区温室葡萄引种及栽培管理措施制定提供参考依据。【方法】以和田设施温室引入6个葡萄品种‘户太八号’‘妮娜女皇’‘夏黑’‘阳光玫瑰’‘新郁’‘克瑞森无核’为试验材料,测定并分析各品种光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、光合与叶绿素荧光参数,并利用主成分分析对各鲜食葡萄品种能力进行综合性评价。【结果】（1）设施温室光合有效辐射在不同位置总体表现出棚前＞棚后＞棚中,在不同架面位置总体表现为架上＞架中＞架下。（2）葡萄叶片SPAD值在不同架面位置表现为架上部＞架中部＞架下部,在品种间由高到低依次为‘克瑞森无核’‘夏黑’‘新郁’‘户太八号’‘阳光玫瑰’‘妮娜女皇’。（3）各品种Pn、Gs、Tr均呈现出双峰曲线的日变化趋势,Ci日变化总体呈现U形或W形变化规律;Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm总体上呈现出先下降后上升的日变化规律。（4）6个葡萄品种的光合能力表现为‘克瑞森无核’＞‘夏黑’＞‘阳光玫瑰’＞‘新郁’＞‘户太八号’＞‘妮娜女皇’。【结论】 ‘克瑞森无核’与‘夏黑’相比其他品种有较高的Pn、Gs、Tr、 Fo、Fm和较低的Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm,对和田地区适应性较强,能够适应当地的高温与高光强设施环境。     

基于香气成分含量对酿酒红葡萄品种的分类研究

利用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术测定了26种酿酒红葡萄的香气成分以及部分重要组分的含量,并采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,探讨利用香气成分含量对酿酒红葡萄品种的分类。结果显示:(1)在26种酿酒红葡萄品种中共检测到49种香气成分并分为6大类,分别为C6-醇和醛类化合物、醇类化合物(除C6-醇类)、酯类化合物、醛类(除C6-醛类)和酮类化合物、萜烯类化合物、有机酸类化合物。(2)聚类分析结果显示,26种酿酒红葡萄分成了三大类,其中:第Ⅰ类有赤霞珠等11个品种,香气成分以C6-醇和醛类化合物为主,其总含量高达66.4%;第Ⅱ类有宝石解百纳等6个品种,香气成分以C6-醇和醛类化合物以及醇类化合物(除C6-醇类)为主,分别为40.73%和30.21%;第Ⅲ类有梅鹿辄等9个品种,香气成分以酯类化合物为主,占总香气成分的71.06%;而且三类酿酒红葡萄中有机酸含量均最低,分别为0.18%、0.08%和0.005%。(3)主成分分析结果表明,第Ⅰ类酿酒红葡萄中可以用前6个主成分代表原有的变量信息,第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类均可以用前4个主成分代表原有的变量信息。(4)利用判别分析创建了酿酒红葡萄香气成分判别模型,并对其进行验证,其准确率达85.7%。研究表明,利用香气成分建立的判别模型可以对酿酒红葡萄进行分类,可为酿酒红葡萄品种改良及葡萄酒质量控制提供理论依据。     

Lactic acid production using two food processing wastes,canned pineapple syrup and grape invertase,as substrate and enzyme

Canned pineapple syrup, a food processing waste, was utilized as a substrate for lactic acid production by Lactococcus lactis. To improve the utilization of sucrose from the syrup, grape invertase from grape juice derived from wine production was used for sucrose hydrolysis. The highest lactic acid concentrations achieved were 20 and 92 g l^–1 from 20 and 100 g total sugars l^–1, respectively, without a lag period for sucrose consumption.     

Membrane-associated protein kinase activities in the developing mesocarp of grape berry

Fruit development is a process involving various signals and gene expression. Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases is known to play a key role in eukaryotic cell signalling and so may be involved in the regulation of fruit development. Using the method of exogenous substrate phosphorylation, we characterised the calcium-dependent and calmodulin-independent protein kinase (CDPK) activity and the myelin basic protein (MBP)-phosphoralating activity that could be due to a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-like activity in the developing mesocarp of grape berry. The CDPK activity was shown to be predominantly localised in the plasma membrane, while the MAPK-like activity was predominantly associated with endomembranes. The assays of bivalent cation requirement showed that Mn2+ could to a certain extent replace Mg2+ in the incubation system for the protein kinase activities. Both CDPK and MAPK-like activities were resistant to heat treatment. The activities of the two enzymes were fruit developmental stage-specific with the highest activities of both enzymes in the lag growth phase before the ripening stage, suggesting strongly the important roles of the detected CDPK and MAPK-like activities in the fruit development.     

Application of bioreactor systems for large scale production of horticultural and medicinal plants

Automation of micropropagation via organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in a bioreactor has been advanced as a possible way of reducing costs. Micropropagation by conventional techniques is typically a labour-intensive means of clonal propagation. The paper describes lower cost and less labour-intensive clonal propagation through the use of modified air-lift, bubble column, bioreactors (a balloon-type bubble bioreactor), together with temporary immersion systems for the propagation of shoots, bud-clusters and somatic embryos. Propagation of Anoectochilus, apple, Chrysanthemum, garlic, ginseng, grape, Lilium, Phalaenopsis and potato is described. In this chapter, features of bioreactors and bioreactor process design specifically for automated mass propagation of several plant crops are described, and recent research aimed at maximizing automation of the bioreactor production process is highlighted.