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41.
The change of cholinergic transmission of ?-amyloid protein (β-AP) treated rats was studied by intracerebral microdialysis sampling combined with HPLC analysis. β-AP1—40 was injected into nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Passive avoidance response test (step-down test) and delayed alternation task were used for memory testing. The impairment of memory after injection of β-AP1—40 into NBM exhibited mainly the deficiency of short-term working memory. One week after injection of β-AP1—40 the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from frontal cortex of freely-moving rats decreased significantly, and the response of cholinergic nerve ending to the action of high [K+] solution was rather weak. In control animals the percentage of increase of ACh-release during behavioral performance was 57%, while in β-AP1—40-treated rats it was 34%. The temporary increase of the ACh-release of the rat put into a new place was also significantly diminished in β-AP1—40-treated rats. The results show that the injection of β-AP1—40 into NBM impairs the cholinergic transmission in frontal cortex, and the impairment of cholinergic transmission may be the main cause of the deficit of working memory. 相似文献
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Airborne particles and ammonia were monitored in horse stalls managed under four conditions. Two ventilation rates, high (27 air changes per h) and low (5 air changes per h) and two bedding types, paper and straw, were employed. At both ventilation rates, the number of airborne particles generated while the stalls were mucked out was higher with straw than with paper. Particles were more efficiently cleared at the higher ventilation rate in both the straw and paper stalls. Ammonia measurements reflected an accumulation over time. In the stalls with low ventilation, ammonia levels were significantly higher than in those stalls with high ventilation regardless of bedding type. Management decisions and their relationships to respiratory disorders are discussed. 相似文献
45.
本文给出了两阶抽样中总体均值的比率型估计量的平均精度,它当样本容量充分大时主项不劣于无偏估计量的平均精度. 相似文献
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Kathryn A. Yurkonis Brian J. Wilsey Kirk A. Moloney Arnold G. Van Der Valk 《Restoration Ecology》2010,18(3):311-321
Previous studies have compared grassland restoration techniques based on resulting species richness and composition. However, none have determined if different techniques generate different plant distributions in space, which may further impact restoration success. This study tests if there are quadrat‐scale (1 m2) differences between paired drilled and broadcast plantings in diversity, composition, and plant distributions. Higher competition intensity in and more contiguous spaces between rows in drill‐seeded restorations were hypothesized to result in larger patches of native grasses and exotic species. Two paired drill‐ and broadcast‐seeded plantings were sampled in June 2007 in Iowa, U.S.A. Within 10 quadrats in each planting, we measured species abundance with point intercept sampling and plant distributions by dividing the quadrat into 64 cells and recording the most abundant species in each cell. Drilled and broadcast plantings at both sites had similar Simpson’s diversity and evenness. However, the effect of planting type on species richness, composition, and plant distribution was site dependent. Native warm‐season grasses in one site, and exotic species in the second, occupied more space and were distributed in larger patches in drilled plantings. Furthermore, drilled canopies consistently captured more light than broadcast canopies. This suggests that initial differences in seed placement can affect resulting plant distributions, resource use, and potentially long‐term species turnover. Mechanisms structuring vegetation in these communities need to be further investigated to determine if this approach can provide more information on long‐term diversity maintenance in restorations than traditional measures. 相似文献
48.
Dorn B Forrer HR Jenny E Wettstein FE Bucheli TD Vogelgsang S 《Journal of applied microbiology》2011,111(3):693-706
Aims: To quantify and to compare the occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels and stalk pieces, to analyse mycotoxins in kernels and maize crop residues, to evaluate two approaches to obtain kernel samples and to compare two methods for mycotoxin analyses. Methods and Results: The occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels and stalk pieces from a three‐year maize hybrid trial and 12 kernel samples from grower’s fields was assessed. Nine to 16 different Fusarium species were detected in maize kernels and stalks. In kernels, F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were the most prevalent species whereas in stalks, they were F. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. In 2006, 68% of the kernel samples exceeded the recommended limit for pig feed for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 42% for zearalenone (ZON), respectively. Similarly, 75% of the samples from grower’s fields exceeded the limits for DON and 50% for ZON. In maize crop residues, toxin concentrations ranged from 2·6 to 15·3 mg kg?1 for DON and from 0·7 to 7·4 mg kg?1 for ZON. Both approaches to obtain maize kernel samples were valid, and a strong correlation between mycotoxin analysis using ELISA and LC‐MS/MS was found. Conclusions: The contamination of maize kernels, stalk pieces and remaining crop residues with various mycotoxins could pose a risk not only to animal health but also to the environment. With the hand‐picked sample, the entire Fusarium complex can be estimated, whereas combine harvested samples are more representative for the mycotoxin contents in harvested goods. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first multi‐year study investigating mycotoxin contamination in maize kernels as well as in crop residues. The results indicate a high need to identify cropping factors influencing the infection of maize by Fusarium species to establish recommendations for growers. 相似文献
49.
In this work we propose a fully Bayesian semiparametric method to estimate the intensity of an inhomogeneous spatial point process. The basic idea is to first convert intensity estimation into a Poisson regression setting via binning data points on a regular grid, and then model the log intensity semiparametrically using an adaptive version of Gaussian Markov random fields to smooth the corresponding counts. The inference is carried by an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. Compared to existing methods for intensity estimation, for example, parametric modeling and kernel smoothing, the proposed estimator not only provides inference regarding the dependence of the intensity function on possible covariates, but also uses information from the data to adaptively determine the amount of smoothing at the local level. The effectiveness of using our method is demonstrated through simulation studies and an application to a rainforest dataset. 相似文献
50.
Sieve size effects on root length and biomass measurements of maize (Zea mays) and Grevillea robusta
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different mesh sizes on the recovery of root length and biomass
and to determine whether the degree of recovery was influenced by plant species and sample location. Sieves of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5
and 0.25 mm (4.0, 1.0, 0.25 and 0.06 mm2) mesh sizes were used to recover and measure the root length and biomass of Zea mays
L. (maize) at 0–15 cm and 30–45 cm depths and of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. (grevillea) at the same depths 1.0 m
and 4.5 m from a line of grevillea trees. At 0–15 cm, the coarser sieves (sum collected with 2.0 and 1.0 mm sieves) recovered
approximately 80% of the total root biomass measured, but only 60% of the root length. The proportion of total maize root
length and biomass recovered by the coarser sieves decreased with soil depth. The proportion of total grevillea root length
recovered by the coarser sieves was similar at the two soil depths, but increased slightly with distance from the tree line.
The ≥ 0.5 mm sieves recovered between 93 and 96% of grevillea and maize root biomass and between 73 and 98% of their root
length, depending on the sample location. Roots passing through the 0.5 mm sieve, but recovered by the 0.25 mm sieve were
about 20% of total maize root length and grevillea root length at 1.0 m from the tree line but < 5% of the total grevillea
root length at 4.5 m from the tree. Roots passing through the 0.5 mm sieve but recovered by the 0.25 mm sieve contributed
only slightly to root biomass. Although the ≥ 0.5 mm sieves provided adequate measurements of root biomass, the ≥ 0.25 mm
sieves were required for accurate measurement of fine root length. There was no universal correction for root length and biomass
underestimation when large sieve sizes were used because the proportions of length and biomass recovered depended on the plant
species and on soil depth and distance from the plant.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献