The management of otherness beyond the state: integration policies and inclusive citizenship as a government paradigm in the Basque Country

The ethnic identity of second-generation immigrant youth has important implications for their association with, and integration in, receiving countries. This paper deals with the ethnic identity formation of second-generation Turkish immigrant youth in Germany, with particular attention paid to the notion of reactive ethnicity. While much of the literature discusses the ethnic retention of this specific group as unwillingness to integrate, this paper frames their ethnic identity formation as reactive ethnicity, which emerges in reaction to social exclusion. Utilizing a case study of Turkish students of disadvantaged schools, the article illustrates that reactive ethnicity is strongly linked to perceived discrimination and that it acquires characteristics of resistance when the dominant group denigrates and invalidates the immigrants' culture.     

公立医院公益性淡化的政府规制俘获因素分析与对策机制

在市场经济背景下,公立医院公益性日益淡化,其原因是多方面的,而政府规制俘获是其中最根本的原因之一。政府规制俘获是政府失灵的表现,政府规制部门与公立医院之间信息不对称是政府规制俘获产生的前提,政府多重委托代理所造成的规制主体多元化是政府规制俘获产生的条件,规制主体的自身利益诉求且缺乏公益性是规制俘获产生的必然。针对政府规制俘获产生的现实,应建立信息披露机制,组建卫生大部制,增加规制者的俘获成本,促进规制政策制定的科学性,从制度层面阻止政府规制俘获的产生,保证公立医院的公益性。     

Ecology – a science put to use

There is no lack of pretext for reviewing historically how ecologists have striven to gain the respect of scholars in their own and other fields, and to demonstrate the wider public-utility of their science. If self-serving, in terms of securing the scope and resources required to advance their studies in ecology, such activities have also been encouraged, and indeed commissioned, in the belief that a greater awareness and understanding of the natural world is essential for human wellbeing. Illustrative material is drawn from the British experience.     

医院成本核算制度设计、实施进展及其局限性分析

文章对医院财务、会计制度对医院成本核算的规范,以及公立医院改革政策文件对成本核算的要求进行了回顾,介绍了医院成本核算的实施进展,结合政府会计改革,分析了医院成本核算的局限性,包括科室成本核算结果难以同时满足医院内部管理和政府定价补偿需要;项目成本、病种成本核算缺乏操作指南和报表格式,建议做好医院成本核算与政府会计的衔接。     

加强医院廉政文化建设的探索

针对近年来社会反响突出的医院公益性发挥作用较弱,“看病难、看病贵”问题突出,医院作风建设亟待加强,医患矛盾凸显等现象,从自身建设入手,以廉政文化建设为抓手,通过“重宣传、建机制、强教育”,“创品牌、推改革、全体系”等措施,全面推进医院作风建设,收到了良好的实效,使医院建设发展与人民群众满意度同步提升,实现了社会效益与精神文明建设的双丰收。     

Challenges and Opportunities： the Expanded Government-led HIV/AIDS Programs in China

HIV/AIDS has posed an increasingly serious issue in China. In recent years,Chinese government has taken further intensified efforts to combat HIV/AIDS with high-level political commitment,supportive policy development,increased financial allocation,large-scale of government-led initiatives,expanded international cooperation and great involvement of non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile gaps and challenges coexist impacting the implementation and the results of national HIV/AIDS programs. Thus,further government efforts are needed to improve and tailor the actions to meet the requirement of HIV/AIDS control in China.     

Status of life cycle assessment and engineering research in South Africa

In view of the upcoming 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg, sustainable development is a topic of high priority in South Africa. Although the South African competency in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) has grown to some extent over the last ten years, South African industry and government have been slow to realise the benefit of LCAs and LCE as tools to support cleaner production and sustainable development. However, the local application of these tools, as well as considerations during their use, differs from practices in developed countries. The applications of LCAs and LCE, the type of organisations involved and the limitations and common problems associated with these tools in South Africa are discussed.     

Changing our perspective: Is there a government obligation to promote autonomy through the provision of public prenatal screening?

In many countries, prenatal testing for certain fetal abnormalities is offered via publicly funded screening programs. The concept of reproductive autonomy is regarded as providing a justificatory basis for many such programs. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine the normative basis of public prenatal screening for fetal abnormalities by changing our perspective from that of autonomy to obligation. After clarifying the understanding of autonomy adopted in the justification for public prenatal screening programs, we identify two problems concerning this justification: first, the extent to which the government is obliged to meet this demand is not evident; and, second, it is not clear whether the provision of public screening is the most appropriate way to promote autonomy. Next, to tackle these problems, we focus on Onora O’Neill’s argument of rights and obligations. Drawing on this argument, we show that, in addressing the problems above, it is important to change our normative perspective from rights or autonomy to obligation. Our argument will show that since the government does not have an incontrovertibly fundamental obligation to promote autonomy, this obligation needs to be constrained in terms of compatibility with other fundamental obligations. In addition, even if a government is obliged to promote autonomy to some degree, there could be more appropriate means to achieve it than providing public prenatal screening; therefore, it is not necessary for government obligations to extend to the provision of public prenatal screening.     

Wilderness Fish Stocking: History and Perspective

The stocking of trout in wilderness lakes of the western United States began in the 1800s. This practice was followed for nearly a century with the singular goal of creating and enhancing sport fishing and without any consideration of its ecological ramifications. Following the advent of a new environmental awareness in the 1960s, and thanks to new research that revealed negative impacts on the biota attributable to introduced fishes, traditional fish-stocking practices came under question first at federal land management agencies and later at their counterparts within the states. The highly utilitarian ethic that drove resource management until well into the 1960s was gradually replaced by one that acknowledges the value of all life forms and their ecological complexity, a view currently supported even by many anglers. The necessity for wilderness fish stocking is now the subject of widespread debate, especially in view of changing social values and priorities. Options for future generations cannot be preserved if introductions continue to erode the biodiversity of mountain lake ecosystems. Received 28 March 2000; accepted 30 May 2000.