Phenol chromatography,morphology and cytogenetics in three species and natural hybrids ofProsopis (Leguminosae — Mimosoideae)

Three species and two natural hybrids ofProsopis from the Entre Rios province of Argentina are compared morphologically, cytologically and chromatographically. It is possible to identify them by their chromatograms. There is a seasonal variation in about one third of the phenolic compounds analysed, a phenomenon that should be considered for chemosystematical conclusions. The results show many affinities betweenP. alba andP. nigra, whereasP. affinis apparently is more isolated. From the frequence of the hybrids, their fertility and their meiotic behaviour one can evaluate the isolation barriers between these species.     

我国现有的金鱼品种的分类及其系统发育的探讨1)

一、引言 金鱼是我国广大人民乐于饲养的一种家养观赏鱼类。它是由野生红黄色鲫鱼演变而来的。明朝李时珍在《本草纲目》中记载:金鱼“述异记载晋桓冲游庐山,见湖中有赤鳞鱼,即此也。”他还写道:“自宋始有畜者,今则处处家养玩矣。”因此可以认为金鱼起源于我国晋朝(公元265—420年间)。至今已有一千多年的历史了。 李璞(1959)报道了我国的金鱼品种已有二十余个。徐金声等(1980)报道有143个之多。耶么迄今为止我国的金鱼品种究竟有多少呢?为了弄清我国的金鱼品种资源,作者曾在北京等十七个省市的各大公园和花木公司所属鱼场作了调查。在调查过程中,我们     

Genetic processes in intergeneric cell hybrids Atropa + Nicotiana

Summary The genetic constitution of the cell hybrids Atropa belladonna + Nicotiana chinensis, obtained by cloning of individual heteroplasmic protoplast fusion products (Gleba et al. 1982) and cultured in vitro for 12 months, has been studied. The study comprised 11 hybrid cell clones of independent origin and included analysis of a) chromosome number, size, morphology, and relative position in metaphase plates, b) multiple molecular forms of the enzymes esterase and amylase, and c) relative nuclear DNA content. The data obtained permit us to conclude that, after one year of unorganized growth in vitro, the cells of most (8) clones had retained chromosomes of both parents, while species-specific elimination of nearly all Atropa chromosomes had occurred in three clones. About half of the non-segregating clones possess 120–150 chromosomes including 50–70 of Atropa and 50–90 of Nicotiana. Other clones are polyploid and possess 200–250 chromosomes with a predominance of either Atropa or Nicotiana chromosome types. Only a few chromosomal changes (reconstituted chromosomes, ring chromosomes) have been detected. In some metaphase plates, chromosomes of the two parents tend to group separately, indicating non-random arrangement of chromosomes of the two parents within the hybrid nucleus. Cytophotometric studies of the relative nuclear DNA content showed that distribution histograms for cell clones were similar to those of non-hybrid cultured cells. Cell populations were relatively homogenous and do not indicate any genetic instability as a result of hybridization between remote plant species. Biochemical analysis of isoenzyme patterns confirmed that in most cell clones, species-specific multiple molecular forms of esterase and amylase from both parents were present, i.e. genetic material of both parental species was expressed in the cell hybrids.Dedicated to Professor G. Melchers with gratitude     

Chromosome elimination in Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum hybrids

Summary The hybrid progeny from a stable amphidiploid of H. vulgare x H. bulbosum involving the cultivar Vada and an unstable amphidiploid involving the cultivar Emir were studied. The genotypes examined contained two genomes from Vada or one from Vada and one from Emir, with one or two genomes from H. bulbosum. Comparisons between the chromosome numbers in root-tips and anthers revealed that there was no chromosome elimination in most plants, whether there was one or two Vada genomes present. The one plant in which chromosome elimination was positively identified had Emir as opposed to Vada cytoplasm. It also had a high incidence of degraded or fragmented chromosomes in the PMCs. Differences in stability between a 27 chromosome plant and other hypotetraploids suggest that Vada contains both elimination genes and elimination suppressor genes. Upon selfing, again irrespective of the number of Vada genomes present, circa triploid hybrids gave rise to diploid H. vulgare offspring while hypotetraploids produced hybrid-like plants. These included diploids, triploids and tetraploids. There was evidence that suggested that H. vulgare as well as H. bulbosum chromosomes had been eliminated.     

Axonal transport of proteoglycans to the goldfish optic tectum

The study addressed the question of whether³⁵SO₄ labeled molecules that the have been delivered to the goldfish optic nerve terminals by rapid axonal transport include soluble proteoglycans. For analysis, tectal homogenates were subfractionated into a souluble fraction (soluble after centrifugation at 105,000g), a lysis fraction (soluble after treatment with hypotonic buffer followed by centrifugation at 105,000g) and a final 105,000g pellet fraction. The soluble fraction contained 25.7% of incorporated radioactivity and upon DEAE chromatographys was resolved into a fraction of sulfated glycoproteins eluting at 0–0.32 M NaCl and containing 39.5% of total soluble label and a fraction eluting at 0.32–0.60 M NaCl containing 53.9% of soluble label. This latter fraction was included on columns of Sepharose CL-6B with or without 4 M guanidine and after pronase digestion was found to have 51% of its radioactivity contained in the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate and chondroitin (4 or 6) sulfate in the ratio of 70% to 30%. Mobility of both intact proteoglycans and constituent GAGs on Sepharose CL-6B indicated a size distribution that is smaller than has been observed for proteoglycans and GAGs from cultured neuronal cell lines. Similar analysis of lysis fraction, containing 11.5% of incorporated³⁵SO₄, showed a mixture of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate containing proteoglycans, apparent free heparan sulfate and few, if any, sulfated glycoproteins. Overall, the result support the hypothesis that soluble proteoglycans are among the molecules axonally transported in the visual system.     

Flavonoids inBrassica nigra (L.) Koch,B. oleracea L.,B. campestris L. and their natural amphidiploids

Flavonoid analysis of the leaves inBrassica nigra, B. oleracea, B. campestris and their natural amphidiploids, led to the identification of 19 flavonol glycosides, including some acylated ones. These compounds were based on kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, except forB. oleracea, where no isorhamnetin glycosides were detected. Additive inheritance could normally be shown in the hybrids. Some considerations on the phylogenetic relationships within the group are expressed.     

Phylogenetic and genetic studies in Papaver section Oxytona: cytogenetics,isozyme analysis and chloroplast DNA variation

Summary Chromosome behaviour at meiosis, isozyme studies and analysis of the chloroplast DNA restriction fragments were used to assess the phylogenetic relations among the three Papaver species of the section Oxytona. The multivalents observed in diplotene — diakinesis stages of meiosis of the hexaploid P. pseudo-orientale and its tetraploid hybrid with P. bracteatum indicate the autopolyploid nature of this section. Further evidence supporting this conclusion was obtained from isozyme analysis. The same number of isozymes was expressed in all the species regardless of their ploidy level. Inheritance studies conducted with Pgi, Dia and Acp allozymes demonstrated, for the first time, the transfer and expression of genetic material among these species. The differences found in the chloroplast DNA restriction fragments of the Oxytona species and of P. somniferum indicate intensive evolution of the chloroplast DNA in the genus Papaver. The similarity of the chloroplast DNA restriction patterns and of the isozymes in P. orientale and P. pseudo-orientale suggested that P. orientale was the female parent in the cross generating P. pseudo-orientale and that the latter species is of recent origin.Contribution no. 2199 —E, 1987 series from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani center, Bet Dagan 50 250, Israel     

Leaf blade structure and C4 acid decarboxylation enzymes in xCynochloris spp. (Poaceae), intergeneric hybrids between species of different C4 type

PRENDERGAST, H. D. V., STONE, N. E. & HATTERSLEY, P. W., 1988. Leaf blade structure and C₄ acid decarboxylation enzymes in x Cynochloris spp. (Poaceae), intergeneric hybrids between species of different C₄ type. x Cynochloris macivorii Clifford and Everist and x C. reynoldensis B. K. Simon (Poaceae) are intergeneric C₄ hybrids between Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) species, and two different PEP carboxykinase (PCK) species of Chloris . Parental species of each hybrid species have the 'classical' leaf blade structure of their respective C₄ acid decarboxylation types. The outline of the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR or Kranz) bundle sheath and the position of the PCR cell chloroplasts in x Cynochloris are intermediate between those of the parental species, C. macivorii being more like Cynodon dactylon and x C. reynoldensis more like Chloris spp. The PCR chloroplast shape in x C. macivorii and x C. reynoldensis is like that of Cynodon dactylon and Chloris spp., respectively. Differences between the hybrids in their enzyme activities complement these structural differences: x C. macivorii has more NAD—ME and less PCK activity than x C. reynoldensis , although in both species PCK activity is the greater. Both hybrids, however, have a suberized lamella in PCR cell walls as do Chloris spp. The close taxonomic relationship between Cynodon and Chloris make these genera especially suitable for reciprocal crossing experiments aimed at increasing understanding of the genetic relationships between subtypes of the C₄ photosynthetic pathway.     

Improved isolation of dihaploidsolanum tubersoum protoplasts and the production of somatic hybrids between dihaploidS. tuberosum andS. brevidens

Summary A modified protoplast isolation technique, applicable to a range of dihaploidSolanum tuberosum genotypes, has been developed. A combination of high calcium and high pH was used to fuse mesophyl protoplasts of dihaploidS. tuberosum (PDH40) and the diploid wild speciesS. brevidens. Large numbers of colonies were obtained after fusion and putative hybrids selected on the basis of phenotype from regenerated shoots. From these, 11 somatic hybrid plants have been identified by their isoenzyme patterns and morphologic characteristics. Four of these hybrids had the expected chromosome number of 48. The approach of mass culture after fusion followed by selection of hybrids from regenerated shoots and the application of somatic hybridization to potato breeding are discussed.