Some 4-Oxa-farnesane Insect Juvenile Hormone Mimics

Synthesis of twentyone 4-oxa-farnesane derivatives with a variety of substitueras at C₁ and C₁₁ is described. Some of these compounds are more active than farnesyl methyl ether against Dysdercus koenigii nymphs.     

Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis

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Vocal behavior of captive Sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus r. roxellana)

Vocal behavior of four pairs of adult Sichuan golden monkeys was studied at the San Diego, Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Francisco zoos between November 1984 and October 1986. Four call types made up 86% (1,357/ 1,578) of vocalizations that occurred during 45 h of tape-recording. All four major vocalization types were made by both sexes. There was, however, significant sexual asymmetry in their production: 82% to 99% of each type was produced by one sex or the other. Frequently, duets developed when an individual male or female responded to the vocalizations of its cagemate. Males vocalized more than did females in each of the four pairs, and males responded vocally to female calls more than twice as frequently.     

Conspecifics enhance egg production in an egg-carrying bug

Variation in host availability and quality is likely to affectfemale decision making on when to lay eggs in arthropods. Inthe present study, we show a case in which female reproductionis limited by the availability of conspecifics in a speciesin which females preferably oviposit on conspecific bodies.Female golden egg bugs (Phyllomorpha laciniata; Heteroptera,Coreidae) deposit eggs mainly on the bodies of both male andfemale conspecifics. Bugs other than parents carry most eggs.Egg carrying is costly for individuals. A few eggs are laidon the bug's food plant, but in most habitats, those eggs donot survive owing to intensive ant predation. We explored ifconspecific presence affects female egg production (eggs laidand eggs in reproductive tract) in the field. In our experiment,conspecific presence (two females enclosed with food plant)increased female egg-laying rate and egg production comparedwith that of females that were alone with the food plant. Innature, gaining a conspecific host is difficult, and the encounterrate of conspecifics (i.e., operational host density) is likelyto be important for female reproduction. There are opposinginterests between an egg-laying female and the recipient (maleor female) because most eggs are dumped on individuals thatare not the parent of the eggs.     

新疆墨玉不同治沙工程措施对土壤肥力的影响

在新疆墨玉县沙漠地区,设置4种治沙工程并比较了不同治沙工程措施培育土壤的效果。结果表明:不同治沙工程区土壤pH值和养分存在差异,pH值的大小顺序为天然稀疏植被封育区草方格固沙-人工林区人工林区多种植物配置区,且天然稀疏植被封育区土壤pH值显著高于其他3个工程区(P0.05);植物的定植时间影响了土壤养分,定植3年的人工林地土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾含量高于定植不久的草方格固沙-人工林地;多种植物配置区土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷和全钾含量都高于人工林区、草方格固沙-人工林区和天然稀疏植被封育区,但土壤速效磷和速效钾含量较其他工程区低,在该工程区应加强磷肥、钾肥的施用。     

剖腹产建立SPF金黄地鼠种群

为了规范我国实验动物管理,尽快提高实验动物质量,真正落实2000年版生物制品规程,同时也为了提高我国乙型脑炎活疫苗的质量,使其尽快进入国际市场,作者利用普通金黄地鼠,采用剖腹产手术,以德国SPF金黄地鼠代乳,率先在国内培育出了自己的SPF金黄地鼠种群,自检和送检结果表明,该种群质量符合国家SPF金黄地鼠质量标准。     

不同钙离子浓度对喜钙和嫌钙型金花茶光合及生理指标的影响

为探讨喜钙型金花茶对高钙环境的生理适应机制以及嫌钙型金花茶的避钙机理,该文采用砂培法,分别以两种喜钙型金花茶[直脉金花茶(Camellia multipetala)、柠檬金花茶(C.limonia)]和两种嫌钙型金花茶[金花茶(C.nitidissima)、东兴金花茶(C.tunghinensis)]的幼苗为材料,用不同浓度(设为5、25、50、100 mmol·L-1)的钙离子(Ca²⁺)营养液进行培养,研究其对两种不同类型金花茶的光合及生理指标的影响。结果表明:两种嫌钙型金花茶的净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递效率(ETR)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、叶绿素总量[(Chl(a+b)]均随Ca²⁺浓度的升高而降低,表明高钙环境降低了嫌钙型金花茶的光合能力;喜钙型金花茶的这些指标在不同Ca²⁺浓度下无显著变化,高钙环境未影响其光合作用的正常进行。嫌钙型金花茶叶片丙二醛含量和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F v/F m)在高钙环境下未有显著变化,表明其光合膜系统还未受到伤害。随着Ca²⁺浓度的升高,嫌钙型金花茶叶片脯氨酸含量显著增加,而可溶性糖含量变化却不大;喜钙型金花茶在不同Ca²⁺浓度下脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的变化均不明显,但其可溶性糖含量却明显高于嫌钙型金花茶。喜钙型金花茶对外界钙离子浓度的变化不敏感,其适应高钙的生理机制可能与叶片较高的可溶性糖含量有关;而嫌钙型金花茶对高钙环境的适应性较差,这可能是其不能在钙质土上生长的主要原因。     

Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)

In this paper we describe the use of space and feeding ecology of seven groups of golden lion tamarins observed for a total of 2,164 hr in Poço das Antas Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Relative to habitat availability in the home ranges of these groups, lion tamarins spent more time than expected in relatively undisturbed swamp forests and less time than expected in more degraded hillside and pasture habitats. Home range area was correlated with group biomass but not group size. Golden lion tamarins fed primarily on fruits and small animal prey, but relied heavily on floral nectar during seasonal periods of relatively low fruit availability. Compared to other New World monkeys, lion tamarins used larger home range areas and exhibited longer daily path lengths than would be predicted by group biomass alone. We suggest that this pattern of foraging and use of space may be explained by the relatively greater availability of cryptic prey and their microhabitats in forests that are flooded and/or have closed canopies than in forests that are in earlier stages of succession where prey may be more susceptible to desiccation during the dry season. Am. J. Primatol. 41:289–305, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.