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121.
D. Bellavia L. Raimondi V. Costa A. De Luca V. Carina M. Maglio M. Fini R. Alessandro G. Giavaresi 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2018,1862(9):1893-1901
Background
Exosomes are nanovesicles actively secreted by potentially all cell types, including tumour cells, with the primary role of extracellular systemic communication mediators, both at autocrine and paracrine levels, at short and long distances. Recently, different studies have used exosomes as a delivery system for a plethora of different molecules, such as drugs, microRNAs and proteins. This has been made possible thanks to the simplicity in exosomes engineering, their great stability and versatility for applications in oncology as well as in regenerative medicine.Scope of review
The aim of this review is to provide information on the state-of-the-art and possible applications of engineered exosomes, both for cargo and specific cell-targeting, in different pathologies related to the musculoskeletal system.Major conclusions
The use of exosomes as therapeutic agents is rapidly evolving, different studies explore drug delivery with exosomes using different molecules, showing an enormous potential in various research fields such as oncology and regenerative medicine.General significance
However, despite the significant progress made by the different studies carried out, currently, the use of exosomes is not a therapeutic reality for the considerable difficulties to overcome. 相似文献122.
123.
124.
W.F. Theeuwes H.R. Gosker R.C.J. Langen N.A.M. Pansters A.M.W.J. Schols A.H.V. Remels 《生物化学与生物物理学报:疾病的分子基础》2018,1864(9):2913-2926
Background
Mitochondrial biogenesis is crucial for myogenic differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and is tightly controlled by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1) signaling network. In the present study, we hypothesized that inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, previously suggested to interfere with PGC-1 in non-muscle cells, potentiates PGC-1 signaling and the development of mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis, ultimately resulting in an enhanced myotube oxidative capacity.Methods
GSK-3β was inactivated genetically or pharmacologically during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 muscle cells. In addition, m. gastrocnemius tissue was collected from wild-type and muscle-specific GSK-3β knock-out (KO) mice at different time-points during the reloading/regeneration phase following a 14-day hind-limb suspension period. Subsequently, expression levels of constituents of the PGC-1 signaling network as well as key parameters of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism were investigated.Results
In vitro, both knock-down as well as pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β not only increased expression levels of important constituents of the PGC-1 signaling network, but also potentiated myogenic differentiation-associated increases in mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial DNA copy number, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein abundance and the activity of key enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, GSK-3β KO animals showed augmented reloading-induced increases in skeletal muscle gene expression of constituents of the PGC-1 signaling network as well as sub-units of OXPHOS complexes compared to wild-type animals.Conclusion
Inactivation of GSK-3β stimulates activation of PGC-1 signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenic differentiation and reloading of the skeletal musculature. 相似文献125.
126.
1. We analysed changes in energy reserves (lipid and glycogen) and length–weight relationships of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in 1997–99 to compare an established population in Lake St Clair with a recovering population in western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In addition, we measured changes in water temperature and potential food in both water columns and sediments. 2. Although overall mean values of lipid and glycogen levels of Hexagenia nymphs from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie were not significantly different, there were differences in seasonal patterns between the two lakes. In Lake St Clair, levels were highest in early spring, declined throughout the year, and reached their lowest levels in fall during all 3 years of study. In contrast, levels in western Lake Erie were lower in spring, increased to a maximum in summer, then declined in fall. Seasonal patterns in length–weight relationships were similar to those for lipid and glycogen. 3. Total lipid as a percentage of dry weight did not increase with developmental stage of nymphs until just prior to metamorphosis and emergence from water. However, the major reserve lipid, triacylglycerols, increased systematically with development stage. In the final stage of development, triacylglycerols declined, probably as a result of energy consumption and its conversion to other biochemical components for metamorphosis and reproduction. 4. Indicators of potential food (algal fluorescence in the water column and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/phaeophytin ratio in sediments) suggest that Hexagenia in Lake St Clair have a food source that is benthic based, especially in early spring, whereas in western Lake Erie nymphs have a food source that is water column based and settles to the lake bottom during late spring and summer. 相似文献
127.
Morphometric and biochemical techniques were used to analyze hepatic glycogen, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial matrix granules in rats treated with compound 48/80 to induce an anaphylactic-like state of shock. Thirty minutes after insult there was a significant decrease in glycogen and mitochondrial matrix granules, an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and no change in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Less glycogen in experimental rats substantiated a previously described glycogenolytic response to compound 48/80. The decrease in matrix granules implies a loss and/or shift in intramitochondrial calcium as occurs in epinephrine-induced glycogenolysis in the rat. Since other glycogenolytic agents, e.g. glucagon, and starvation stimulate an increase in SER presumably from RER, the present morphological data suggest the increase in RER may precede proliferation of SER from RER. 相似文献
128.
Hepatocytes in primary culture from fed and 2 month fasted Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus were exposed to physiological doses of either cortisol, salmon growth hormone (GH), salmon insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) or a combination of salmon GH and salmon IGF‐I. Fasting significantly lowered medium glucose levels compared to the fed fish, but had no significant effects on hepatocyte glycogen content or on the activities of enzymes involved in the intermediary metabolism. Cortisol treatment had no effect on hepatocyte glycogen content or on the enzyme activities investigated, but resulted in a significant increase in medium glucose concentration in hepatocytes isolated from fasted, but not fed fish. GH and IGF‐I treatments, both singly and in combination, significantly increased the glycogen content of hepatocytes isolated from fed fish, with less pronounced effects on hepatocytes isolated from fasted fish. The combination of GH and IGF‐I significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase activity regardless of the feeding state and significantly reduced the phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and medium glucose concentration in hepatocytes isolated from fed fish. Further, GH and IGF‐I significantly increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in hepatocytes isolated from fasted fish, but not fed fish. There were no effects of GH, IGF‐I, or their combination, on glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase or 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activities. The results demonstrated that nutritional status of the animal modulates hepatocyte responsiveness to metabolic hormones, and suggested a role for GH and IGF‐I in hepatic glycogen conservation. 相似文献
129.
Lifespan and patterns of accumulation and mobilization of nutrients in the sugar-fed phorid fly, Pseudacteon tricuspis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Henry Y. Fadamiro LI Chen Ebenezer O. Onagbola Lawrence 'FUDD' Graham 《Physiological Entomology》2005,30(3):212-224
Abstract. The effect of sugar feeding on the survival of adult phorid fly Pseudacteon tricuspis is investigated. Flies fed 25% sucrose in aqueous solution continuously throughout their lifespan have greater longevity (mean ± SE longevity: female = 7.9 ± 0.8 days, male = 8.9 ± 0.9 days) than completely starved (provided no water and no sugar solution) flies, sugar-starved (provided water only) flies, or flies fed sugar solution only on their first day of adult life. Completely starved flies rarely lived beyond one day. Provision of water increases longevity by 2 days, and one full day of sugar feeding further increases longevity by an additional 1–2 days. Flies fed 50% sucrose have similar survivorship as those fed 25% sucrose. The temporal patterns of nutrient accumulation and utilization are also compared in P. tricuspis fed different diets: sugar-starved, sucrose-fed on the first day of adult life only, and sucrose-fed continuously. Adult P. tricuspis emerge with no gut sugars, and only minimal amounts of body sugars and glycogen. Although the levels of body sugars and glycogen decline gradually in sugar-starved flies, a single day of sugar feeding results in the accumulation of maximum amounts of gut sugars, body sugars and glycogen. High levels of these nutrients are maintained in female and male phorid flies fed on sucrose continuously over the observation period, whereas nutrient levels decline in flies fed only on the first day of life, beginning 1 day postfeeding. Female and male P. tricuspis emerge with an estimated 12.3 ± 2.3 and 7.2 ± 1 g of lipid reserves per fly, respectively. These teneral amounts represent the highest lipid levels detected in adult flies, irrespective of their diet, and are maintained over the life times of sucrose-fed female and male flies, but declined steadily in sugar-starved females. These data suggest that adult P. tricuspis are capable of converting dietary sucrose to body sugars and glycogen, but not lipids. 相似文献
130.
Vacuolated PAS‐positive lymphocytes as an hallmark of Pompe disease and other myopathies related to impaired autophagy
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Angelo Pascarella Chiara Terracciano Olimpia Farina Luca Lombardi Teresa Esposito Filomena Napolitano Giuseppina Franzese Giovanni Panella Francesco Tuccillo Giancarlo la Marca Sergio Bernardini Silvia Boffo Antonio Giordano Giuseppe Di Iorio Mariarosa A.B. Melone Simone Sampaolo 《Journal of cellular physiology》2018,233(8):5829-5837