蛇毒清合剂治疗蝮蛇咬伤的疗效观察

目的观察蛇毒清合剂对蝮蛇咬伤的临床疗效。方法选择2008年11月～2011年11月我院收治的蝮蛇咬伤患者62例,随机分成两组,其中观察组31例,在常规治疗的基础上加服蛇毒清合剂,对照组31例采用常规治疗。比较两组患者血清酶学3项（CK、LDH、AST）、肿胀消退时间、疼痛缓解情况、肾功能衰竭、呼吸衰竭发生率、局部组织坏死发生率、致残率以及住院时间。结果观察组的血清酶学3项（CK、LDH、AST）、肿胀消退时间、疼痛缓解情况、肾功能衰竭、呼吸衰竭发生率、局部组织坏死发生率、致残率以及住院时间均明显优于对照组（均P〈0.05）。结论蛇毒清合剂治疗对蝮蛇咬伤有显著疗效。     

A structural analysis of the catalytic mechanism of methionine sulfoxide reductase A from Neisseria meningitidis

The methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are thioredoxin-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyse the reduction of the sulfoxide function of the oxidized methionine residues. These enzymes have been shown to regulate the life span of a wide range of microbial and animal species and to play the role of physiological virulence determinant of some bacterial pathogens. Two structurally unrelated classes of Msrs exist, MsrA and MsrB, with opposite stereoselectivity towards the R and S isomers of the sulfoxide function, respectively. Both Msrs share a similar three-step chemical mechanism including (1) the formation of a sulfenic acid intermediate on the catalytic Cys with the concomitant release of the product—methionine, (2) the formation of an intramonomeric disulfide bridge between the catalytic and the regenerating Cys and (3) the reduction of the disulfide bridge by thioredoxin or its homologues. In this study, four structures of the MsrA domain of the PilB protein from Neisseria meningitidis, representative of four catalytic intermediates of the MsrA catalytic cycle, were determined by X-ray crystallography: the free reduced form, the Michaelis-like complex, the sulfenic acid intermediate and the disulfide oxidized forms. They reveal a conserved overall structure up to the formation of the sulfenic acid intermediate, while a large conformational switch is observed in the oxidized form. The results are discussed in relation to those proposed from enzymatic, NMR and theoretical chemistry studies. In particular, the substrate specificity and binding, the catalytic scenario of the reductase step and the relevance and role of the large conformational change observed in the oxidized form are discussed.     

High temporal resolution of amino acid levels in rat nucleus accumbens during operant ethanol self-administration: involvement of elevated glycine in anticipation

Capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) provides 15-s temporal resolution of amino acid levels in microdialysate, which, for the first time, allows almost real time measurement of changes during episodes of behavior. We trained Sprague-Dawley rats to self-administer either 10% ethanol-containing gelatin or non-alcoholic gelatin in a typical operant chamber. After rats reached stable daily levels of responding, microdialysis probes were inserted into nucleus accumbens and samples were collected before, during and after operant sessions with on-line analysis via CE-LIF. During the first 15 min of the operant session, there was a significant increase in taurine that correlated with the amount of ethanol consumed ( R ² = 0.81) but no change in rats responding for plain gel. There were large, consistent increases in glycine in both the ethanol and plain gel groups which correlated with the amount of gel consumed. A smaller increase was observed in rats with free non-operant access to plain gel compared to the increase seen with the same amount of gel consumed under operant conditions. When rats were given a time out after each delivery of gel in the operant protocol, the greatest increase of glycine was obtained with the longest time out period. Thus, increases in glycine in nucleus accumbens appear to be related to anticipation of reinforcement.     

Molecular mechanism of ligand recognition by NR3 subtype glutamate receptors

NR3 subtype glutamate receptors have a unique developmental expression profile, but are the least well-characterized members of the NMDA receptor gene family, which have key roles in synaptic plasticity and brain development. Using ligand binding assays, crystallographic analysis, and all atom MD simulations, we investigate mechanisms underlying the binding by NR3A and NR3B of glycine and D-serine, which are candidate neurotransmitters for NMDA receptors containing NR3 subunits. The ligand binding domains of both NR3 subunits adopt a similar extent of domain closure as found in the corresponding NR1 complexes, but have a unique loop 1 structure distinct from that in all other glutamate receptor ion channels. Within their ligand binding pockets, NR3A and NR3B have strikingly different hydrogen bonding networks and solvent structures from those found in NR1, and fail to undergo a conformational rearrangement observed in NR1 upon binding the partial agonist ACPC. MD simulations revealed numerous interdomain contacts, which stabilize the agonist-bound closed-cleft conformation, and a novel twisting motion for the loop 1 helix that is unique in NR3 subunits.     

Oxidised LDL up-regulate CD36 expression by the Nrf2 pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

The effect of oxLDL on CD36 expression has been assessed in preadipocytes induced to differentiate. Novel evidence is provided that oxLDL induce a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent CD36 overexpression, by up-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 appeared to depend on PKC pathway activation. In adipocytes, the CD36 up-regulation may indicate a compensation mechanism to meet the demand of excess oxLDL and oxidised lipids in blood, reducing the risk of atherogenesis. Besides strengthening the hypothesis that oxLDL can contribute to the onset of insulin-resistance, data herein presented highlight the significance of oxLDL-induced CD36 overexpression within the cellular defence response.     

Influences of insecticides on toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin in Helicoverpa armigera

Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin between with and without other insecticides or synergists in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results of bioassay showed that horticultural mineral oil (HMO), hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos, and some other insecticides were synergistic to abamectin with 152.0-420.0 of co-toxicity coefficient(CTC) in some agricultural insect pests. In topical application tests, HMO or piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of abamectin in larvae of H. armigera, but the mortality was not affected by s,s,s-tributylphorotrithioate (DEF) and triphenylphosphate (TPP). The synergistic action of HMO was obviously higher than PBO, and when treated simultaneously with abamectin, HMO gave a more significant synergism than if treated 2 hours ahead. The highest synergistic effect (SE) was found in the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO (1:206)‘. The mortality did not increase or the toxicity drop, when a synergist or HMO was added into the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO‘ or ‘abamectin synergist‘, respectively. Results from the isotope tracing experiments showed that HMO significantly enhanced the penetration of ^3H-abamectin through the cuticle of H.armigera larvae, which resulted in the synergism of the mixture. The cuticular penetration of ^3H-abamectin was not accumulatively affected by chlorpyrifos, nor by hexaflumuron,though there was an inhibition within 30 seconds or 1 hour after treated by these two chemicals respectively. Results suggested that the synergism of abamectin mixed with hexaflumuron or chlorpyrifos might be related to inhibition of metabolic enzymes or target sites in the larvae.     

Cytochrome c catalyzes the in vitro synthesis of arachidonoyl glycine

Long chain fatty acyl glycines are an emerging class of biologically active molecules that occur naturally and produce a wide array of physiological effects. Their biosynthetic pathway, however, remains unknown. Here we report that cytochrome c catalyzes the synthesis of N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) from arachidonoyl coenzyme A and glycine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The identity of the NAGly product was verified by isotope labeling and mass analysis. Other heme-containing proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin, were considerably less effective in generating arachidonoyl glycine as compared to cytochrome c. The reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c in vitro points to its potential role in the formation of NAGly and other long chain fatty acyl glycines in vivo.     

复合益生菌对白羽肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理

【目的】探究饮水中添加复合益生菌制剂(地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和丁酸梭菌)对肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理。【方法】试验随机选取360只1日龄白羽肉仔鸡,随机分为3个处理组：对照组(CON),正常饮水;低剂量益生菌组(LG),饮水添加0.2%复合益生菌;高剂量益生菌组(HG),饮水添加0.4%复合益生菌,试验为期42d。【结果】与CON组相比,LG组和HG组显著增加肉鸡7、35和42 d平均体重,显著提高HG组肉鸡21-28、28-35、35-42阶段的平均日增重(P<0.05),LG组仅显著提高35-42阶段平均日增重;显著提高胸肌45 min、24 h、48 h红度和24 h黄度,降低24 h和48 h亮度及48 h滴水损失和蒸煮损失。HG组胸肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于CON组,而LG组差异不显著;两组均可降低胸肌灰分含量。添加复合益生菌可显著提高总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC),而总超氧化物歧化酶(total-superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)含量有上升趋势;显著上...     

How does photorespiration modulate leaf amino acid contents? A dual approach through modelling and metabolite analysis

The aim of this work was to establish the quantitative impact of photorespiration on leaf amino acid contents. Attached leaves of wheat and potato were incubated for 30–40 min under defined conditions in which net CO₂ uptake (A) was manipulated by irradiance, ambient CO₂ or ambient O₂. The incubated portion of the leaf was sampled by a rapid‐quench method and photorespiratory flux (v_o) was modelled from the measured rate of net CO₂ uptake. In both wheat and potato, the ratio between glycine and serine showed a strong positive correlation with v_o. Aspartate and alanine correlated negatively with v_o but glutamate and glutamine showed less clear relationships. In potato, glutamate and glutamine did not correlate clearly with either A or v_o. In wheat, glutamine showed a general increase with A but no relationship with v_o, whereas 2‐oxoglutarate contents correlated positively with v_o and negatively with A. As a result, glutamine : glutamate and glutamine : 2‐oxoglutarate increased with net CO₂ uptake in wheat, observations that are attributed primarily to imperfect and variable coupling between the supply of NH₃ in primary nitrogen assimilation and the associated delivery of 2‐oxoglutarate to the chloroplast. A simple theoretical analysis is used to illustrate the potentially marked impact of primary nitrogen assimilation on leaf glutamine, even against a background of high rates of photorespiratory ammonia recycling.     

Species introduction through seeds from an old,species‐rich hay meadow: Effects of management

Abstract. A local seed mixture from plants growing in a species‐rich, traditionally managed hay meadow site at Varaldsoy, Hardanger, western Norway, where many endangered hay meadow species of the region are growing, was sown in a newly harrowed experimental field 1 km from the source meadow in order to increase the habitat area for the endangered species. Of 25 endangered species recorded in the source meadow, only one (Holcus lanatus) was present in the target meadow. After sowing, 16 of the endangered species in addition to Holcus lanatus were recorded in the new site. Six species were only present in sown plots and seven others were more frequent there, while three species might have arrived by chance or originated from the seed bank. Replacing the traditional management regime, including one late cut and grazing in spring and in autumn, with three cutting times and the creation of gaps in the sward, resulted in a higher number of endangered species in plots which were only cut, possibly because the grazing was too intensive in the small enclosures.