兰州滨河公园自生植物物种组成及多样性分析

调查研究兰州4处滨河公园自生植物的物种组成和多样性特征,为低成本、低养护和野趣自然的园林景观规划提供参考。在黄河兰州主城区段自西向东选取银滩湿地公园、马滩湿地公园、马拉松主题公园、雁滩公园,通过网格系统取样法共设置344个样方,调查研究滨河公园自生植物物种组成和分布特征。结果表明,4处滨河公园共有44科118属163种;在物种来源中,乡土物种79种（48.46%）、国内外来物种53种（32.51%）、国外外来物种14种（8.58%）、入侵植物有17种（10.42%）;4处滨河公园间α多样性存在显著差异（P<0.05）;银滩湿地公园、马滩湿地公园、马拉松主题公园、雁滩公园的多样性指数H''分别为4.76、4.36、4.064、3.99;均匀度指数J''分别为0.53、0.586、0.56、0.54;丰富度指数R''分别为30.68、29.47、22.80、20.27;平均多度分别为55.43、44.82、50.16、39.40。兰州滨河公园自生植物资源较为丰富,在未来的城市园林绿地建设中可合理规划,提高自生植物的应用比例,并根据不同环境营造具有地域特色的自生植物景观。     

Microbiota within the perennial ice cover of Lake Vida, Antarctica

Lake Vida, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, is an 'ice-sealed' lake with approximately 19 m of ice covering a highly saline water column (approximately 245 ppt). The lower portions of the ice cover and the lake beneath have been isolated from the atmosphere and land for circa 2800 years. Analysis of microbial assemblages within the perennial ice cover of the lake revealed a diverse array of bacteria and eukarya. Bacterial and eukaryal denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis phylotype profile similarities were low (<59%) between all of the depths compared (five depths spanning 11 m of the ice cover), with the greatest differences occurring between surface and deep ice. The majority of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in the surface ice were related to Actinobacteria (42%) while Gammaproteobacteria (52%) dominated the deep ice community. Comparisons of assemblage composition suggest differences in ice habitability and organismal origin in the upper and lower portions of ice cover. Specifically, the upper ice cover microbiota likely reflect the modern day transport and colonization of biota from the terrestrial landscape, whereas assemblages in the deeper ice are more likely to be persistent remnant biota that originated from the ancient liquid water column of the lake that froze.     

Distributional change and conservation on the Andean flank: a palaeoecological perspective

Aim To review the insights that palaeoecology can offer on the threat posed to Andean communities by global climate change. Location The geographical focus is the eastern flank of the tropical Andes, with particular reference to Peru. Method The article presents a synthetic review of the problem. Results Species‐rich communities of the eastern Andean flank are threatened both by development and climate change. If, as predicted, the cloudbase and frost line lifts 600 m elevation this century, there will be a substantial loss of cloud forest habitat. Palaeoecology provides insights on the location and nature of past ecotones, the continuity of niche availability, and estimates for rates and modes of migration. With further warming and drying of lower montane regions, upslope migration of species will be individualistic: a new equilibrium with the altered climate is unlikely to be attained. The zone of agriculture will move upslope faster than the migrating trees and so landscape conversion will negate the ability of some species to respond to the new conditions. Conservation of the lower reaches of modern cloud forest is advocated as a means to limit this foreseeable extinction event. Main Conclusions Climate change will induce changes in plant and animal communities. Human disturbance will invade climatically marginal agricultural lands at the pace of climate change. Rapid migratory response such as that witnessed at the onset of the Holocene may not be evident as climates warm, because Holocene climatic stability has reduced outlying upslope populations that may have served as expansion nuclei. Conservation must aim to maintain plant and animal niches, rather than particular communities of species.     

Diversity of halophilic microorganisms: Environments,phylogeny, physiology,and applications

The phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms living at high salt concentrations is surprising. Halophiles are found in each of the three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. The metabolic diversity of halophiles is great as well: they include oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs, aerobic heterotrophs, fermenters, denitrifiers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens. The diversity of metabolic types encountered decreases with salinity. The upper salinity limit at which each dissimilatory process takes place is correlated with the amount of energy generated and the energetic cost of osmotic adaptation. Our understanding of the biodiversity in salt-saturated environments has increased greatly in recent years. Using a combination of culture techniques, molecular biological methods, and chemotaxonomic studies, we have obtained information on the nature of the halophilic Archaea as well as the halophilic Bacteria that inhabit saltern crystallizer ponds. Several halophilic microorganisms are being exploited in biotechnology. In some cases, such as the production of ectoine, the product is directly related to the halophilic behavior of the producing microorganism. In other cases, such as the extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella or the potential use of Haloferax species for the production of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate or extracellular polysaccharides, similar products can be obtained from non-halophiles, but halophilic microorganisms may present advantages over the use of non-halophilic counterparts. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 56–63 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000176 Received 20 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 20 June 2001     

重庆市爬行动物物种多样性研究及保护

1996～2004年对重庆市35个县(区、市)进行野外调查采集,结合有关资料记载,重庆市共有爬行动物2目12科38属58种,其中龟鳖目4种,有鳞目蜥蜴亚目12种、蛇亚目42种(含重庆市蛇类新记录3属4种)。建议加强对该市爬行动物物种多样性及其生境的保护,合理利用爬行动物资源。     

江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类物种多样性

2007年11月～2008年5月调查了江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类资源,共采得陆生贝类47种(含2个未定种),隶属13科27属,其中16种为江西省陆生贝类新纪录种.区系分析表明,该保护区陆生贝类以东洋界成分为主,占种类总数的63.83%.其优势种为墙草真管螺和同型巴蜗牛.分析11个采集点生物多样性指数结果表明,Margalef丰富度指数(dMA)范围为0～6.2345;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数( H ′)范围为0～3.5676;Pielou均匀度指数( Jsw )范围为0～1.3610.环境越复杂,种类组成越丰富;物种分布越均匀的地区,陆生贝类多样性指数就越高.     

安徽新安江干流滩涂湿地草本植物区系及物种多样性

以新安江干流(安徽段)滩涂湿地草本植物群落为研究对象,探讨其区系组成及不同江段物种多样性的变化规律.结果表明:(1)该区共有草本被子植物48科、131属、194种(含种下分类单位);以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)和蓼科(Polygonaceae)为优势科;以蓼属(Polygonum)、莎草属(Cyperus)、大戟属(Euphorbia)和蒿属(Artemisia)等为优势属,属的组成相对较为分散,寡种属和单种属占总属数的97.7％;(2)从分布区类型看,科以世界分布占明显优势(43.8％);属的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多(30.5％),其次是世界分布(26.0％),总体上热带成分略多于温带成分(57/40);表明该区草本植物区系地理成分较为复杂,分布区类型多样,具有热带、亚热带与暖温带的多重性质,但以亚热带性质为主;(3)各滩涂湿地植物群落的建群种、优势种及伴生种的种类等组成特征均存在一定差异,狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)和假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)等为滩涂湿地的主要优势种;江段干流不同流域滩涂湿地草本植物群落的α多样性的变化格局与丰富度指数的变化格局比较一致,总体上呈现逐渐减小的趋势,表现为上游＞中游＞下游;与之相反,植物群落的β多样性——相异性系数和Cody指数总体上呈现上升的格局.这种多样性格局的成因需要进一步分析和探讨.     

真菌次生代谢产物多样性及其潜在应用价值

从生物间的协同进化和微生物次生代谢产物的功能意义原理出发,本文侧重介绍了与植物和昆虫密切相关的一些真菌及其次生代谢产物在医药和农用新药物开发应用中的潜在价值。