Endometrial carcinoma detected with SurePath liquid-based cervical cytology: comparison with conventional cytology

Introduction: Conventional Pap smears (CPS) have little impact on the detection of endometrial carcinoma. Although liquid‐based cytology (LBC) is replacing CPS in the UK, experience with identification of endometrial cancers with this technique is limited. Aim: To compare the accuracy of the SurePath LBC with that of CPS for detection of endometrial cancers. Methods: Our study group comprised SurePath LBC samples reported as atypical endometrial cells and endometrial adenocarcinoma (classified respectively as borderline, code 8 and ?glandular neoplasia, code 6 for the NHS Cervical Screening Programme statistics) in 2004–2005. CPS reported as atypical endometrial cells or adenocarcinoma in 1993–1998 comprised the control group. Histological follow‐up was obtained. Results: Endometrial abnormalities were reported in 95 (0.073%) of 130 352 LBC samples, comprising 75 (0.058%) atypical endometrial cells and 20 (0.015%) endometrial adenocarcinoma reports. Of 409 495 CPS, 117 (0.029%) were diagnosed as endometrial abnormalities, comprising 59 (0.014%) atypical endometrial cells and 58 (0.014%) endometrial adenocarcinoma reports. Thus, the endometrial adenocarcinoma reporting rate was similar in both groups, but that for atypical endometrial cells was higher with LBC (P < 0.001). The positive predictive value for endometrial cancer of endometrial adenocarcinoma and atypical endometrial cell reports in the LBC group was 73.3 and 18.8%, respectively, compared with 42.3 and 6.7% in the CPS group. The endometrial adenocarcinoma patients in CPS group were older (mean age 62.5 years versus 56.5 years) and most (22/25) were symptomatic, whereas most (13/17) patients in the LBC group were asymptomatic at the time of sampling (P < 0.001). Conclusion: SurePath LBC is at least as accurate a method for detecting endometrial cancer as CPS. SurePath LBC demonstrates enhanced identification of endometrial pathology in asymptomatic women in the cervical screening programme.     

LacZ expression in Fut2-LacZ reporter mice reveals estrogen-regulated endocervical glandular expression during estrous cycle, hormone replacement, and pregnancy

The secretor gene (FUT2) encodes an alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.69) that elaborates alpha(1,2)fucose residues on mucosal epithelium and secreted mucins. Though uterine alpha(1,2)fucosylated glycans have been proposed to be involved in embryo adhesion, mice with a homozygous null mutation of Fut2 displayed normal fertility. To help develop alternative hypotheses for function, the cell type and regulation of Fut2 expression during the estrous cycle, hormone replacement, and pregnancy was examined in Fut2-LacZ reporter mice containing targeted replacement of Fut2 with bacterial lacZ. LacZ expression in the reproductive tract of Fut2-LacZ mice is most prominent in the glandular epithelium of the endocervix during estrus and pregnancy. Nuclear LacZ expression identifies cell-specific expression of Fut2 in mucus-secreting cells of the endocervix, uterine glands, foveolar pit and chief cells of the stomach, and goblet cells of the colon. In ovariectomized Fut2-LacZ mice, estradiol treatment stimulates X-gal staining in endocervix and uterus but does not affect expression in stomach and colon. Northern blot analysis in wild-type mice shows 15-fold elevations of Fut2 steady-state mRNA with estradiol treatment, whereas Fut1 varies little. Fut2 levels in the glandular stomach and distal colon remain constant, and uterine Fut2 levels vary eightfold during the estrous cycle. These data represent the first demonstration of a glycosyltransferase gene under tissue-specific hormonal regulation in a LacZ reporter mouse model. Endocervical expression of Fut2 in estrus and pregnancy may modify cervical mucus barrier properties from microbial infection analogous to the potential role of mucosal glycans in humans.     

Gustatory responses of a specialist and a generalist grasshopper to terpenoids of Artemisia ludoviciana

Hypochlora alba (Dodge) is a specialist grasshopper that lives and feeds almost exclusively on the sage brush Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt., a plant mostly avoided by the generalist grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.). Analysis of leaves, seed heads, and glandular trichomes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 1,8-cineole, camphor and borneol to be the major monoterpenes and achillin the major sesquiterpene lactone. These terpenoids increased over the growing season and were two to five times more concentrated in the seed heads than in the leaves. Gustatory choice tests showed a feeding stimulant(s) for H. alba to be present in extracts of A. ludoviciana and A. carruthii Wood, a closely related species that H. alba will feed upon, but not in a non-host species, A. filifolia Torr. This stimulant activity was found in a fraction containing primarily monoterpene hydrocarbons. Other fractions containing sesquiterpene lactones had antifeedant activity against M. sanguinipes. Tests with achillin showed the average foliar levels (ca. 2% dry weight) to be above the rejection threshold of the generalist (0.5%) but below that of the specialist (4%). Reproductive tissue contained average levels greater (ca. 7%) than the rejection threshold of either species.

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Résumé Hypochlora alba Dodge, orthoptère spécialiste, consomme presque exclusivement A. ludoviciana, plante produisant des terpènes en grandes quantités dans ses trichomes glandulaires. Cette plante n'est pas consommée par des orthoptères généralistes, comme Melanoplus sanguinpes Fabr. L'analyse d'extraits et de fractions de la plante en chromatographie en phase gazeuse associée à la spectrométrie de masse a révélé de nombreux monoterpènes (1,8-cinéole, camphre, bornéol et autres) et une grande quantité d'achilline, lactone sesquiterpène. Ces terpènes étaient 2 à 5 fois plus concentrés dans les organes reproducteurs de l'armoise que dans ses organes végétatifs. La concentration de terpènes dans les feuilles augmente de la plante jeune jusqu'à la maturité. Les plantes ont présenté une grande variabilité en concentrations relative et totale en terpènes. L'influence des terpènes dans la régulation du comportement alimentaire du spécialiste et du généraliste a été examinée par des tests de choix gustatif sur des disques de membrane. Des extraits de A. ludaviciana et de A. carruthii Wood,-espèce très voisine que H. alba peut consommer-, contenaient un (ou plusiers) phagostimulants de H. alba, tandis que A. filifolia Torr., espèce non consommée, n'en contenait pas. Cette activité stimulatrice était éluée dans la moins polaire des 5 fractions, qui contenait principalement les hydrocarbones monoterpènes. La prise de nourriture de M. sanguinipes a été stimulée par des extraits des 3 armoises examinées, et par les 3 premières fractions de A. ludoviciana, tandis que ses 2 dernières fractions, contenant les lactones sesquiterpènes, ont présenté une action phagodissuasive. Des tests avec l'achilline, principale lactone sesquiterpène, ont montré que sa concentration moyenne dans les feuilles (2% du poids frais) était supérieure au seuil de rejet du généraliste (0,5%), mais inférieure à celui du spécialiste (4%). La concentration moyenne des organes reproducteurs (7%) était supérieure au seuil de rejet des deux espèces.

     

Effect of temperature on glandular trichome exudate composition and pest resistance in geraniums

One inbred geranium line (71-18-6) which exhibits host plant resistance to the twospotted spider mite and foxglove aphid, becomes susceptible to these pests under some temperature conditions, while another resistant line (71-17-7) maintains its resistance. Resistance to these pests is conferred by the presence of glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce. The tall glandular trichome exudate of resistant geraniums has been identified as chiefly C₂₂ and C₂₄ unsaturated anacardic acids. Plants of a resistant line, a susceptible line and the temperature sensitive resistant line were exposed to three different temperature regimes and were analyzed chemically and for resistance using a foxglove aphid bioassay. Results indicate that the loss of resistance in the temperature sensitie line is not due to reduced production of the anacardic acids which comprise the exudate. Similarly, analysis of the exudate present on the leaf exterior indicate the loss of resistance in line 18-6 with increasing temperature is not the result of reduced translocation of the exudate to the trichome tip. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that loss of resistance in line 18–6 with increasing temperature is the result of an increased proportion of the shorter chain (C₂₂) anacardic acid in the trichome exudate, which reduces the viscosity of the material and causes it to flow from the trichome tips as the temperature increases. Presentation of the material as an exudate droplet at the trichome tip is apparently required for resistance.     

Anatomical and histochemical features of the digestive system of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 with a special focus on secretory cells

This study reports a detailed anatomical and histological study of the digestive system of Octopus vulgaris. Emphasis was placed on characterising the glands and glandular cells and their distribution throughout the digestive tract. The use of classic histological and histochemical techniques revealed two morphological types of glandular cells: granular and mucous. Moreover, the histochemical analysis indicated specialisation of mucous glandular cells in the buccal mass, the submandibular gland and the caecum for secreting acid and neutral glycoconjugates. The cells of the anterior salivary glands are specialised for secreting neutral glycoproteins, and those of the posterior salivary glands are specialised for granular and mucous secretion. The oesophagus, crop and stomach lack glandular cells, but both granular and mucous glandular cells are found in the intestine. An unusual structure resembling the typhlosole of bivalves is described for the first time in the intestine of O. vulgaris. The highly ciliated epithelium and location of the structure in the anterior part of the intestine suggest a possible role in bypassing the caecum, stomach and intestine. We discuss how these cells and organs contribute to the process of digestion in the light of the present histological and histochemical data and of previously published information on the morphology and physiology of digestion in the octopus.     

The Development of Activity of Cell Wall Bound β-Fructofuranosidase with Ripening and Senescence of Tomato Fruit

Optically active trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted cyclopentanes, with proper functional groups of proper stereochemistry as precursors for chiral synthesis of brefeldin A and prostaglandins, were prepared stereoselectively from carbohydrate.     

Serum midkine depends on lymph node involvement and correlates with circulating VEGF-C in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a key factor for selection of treatment method and patients’ prognosis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, no biomarkers able to support the clinical detection of LNM have been reported. Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) was found to be a more accurate marker of LNM in lung cancer than computed tomography. Midkine is a multifunctional cytokine involved in cancer development. We investigated circulating midkine levels in ESCC patients (n=73) compared with those in healthy subjects (n=42) with double-antibody-sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASI-ELISA). We found that midkine was elevated in ESCC and involved in metastatic disease. Serum midkine (sMK) was a good marker of LNM, evaluated both clinically and pathologically, as revealed by ROC analysis. It also correlated with serum levels of VEGF-C. The increase of sMK was related to cancer cells, although a weak correlation was observed between sMK and platelet and leucocyte counts.     

Attachment ability of the beetle Chrysolina fastuosa on various plant surfaces

To study the role of different structures of a plant surface preventing insect attachment, a variety of plant surfaces were screened. Attachment ability of the beetle Chrysolina fastuosa Scop. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) was measured on 99 surfaces among them smooth, hairy, felt-like, waxy, and glandular ones of three plant organs (stems, leaves, fruits) of 83 plant species belonging to 45 families. Insects attached successfully to smooth, hairy, and felt-like substrata. These surface types did not effect the further attachment of C. fastuosa, indicating the adhesive system remained intact after contacting these substrata. However, the beetles could not attach properly to surfaces covered with wax crystalloids or glandular hairs. In most experiments on pruinose plant substrata, no influence of the surfaces on the subsequent attachment ability of insects was observed. Only in one case (the stem of Acer negundo), was such an impairment recorded, but recovery of attachment ability was fast. Crystalloids of this plant species probably temporarily disable function of tenent setae of C. fastuosa. Four hypotheses, explaining anti-adhesive properties of plant surfaces, covered with wax crystalloids are proposed. A plant surface with glandular trichomes disabled the attachment system of the beetle for a long time. Secretions of trichomes probably glue tenent setae together making further attachment impossible.