人参茎叶皂甙对创伤小鼠活化T细胞内磷脂酰肌醇代谢的影响

研究了人参茎叶皂甙（ＧＳＬ）对创伤小鼠活化Ｔ细胞内磷脂酰肌醇代谢的影响。结果显示,ＧＳＬ体内应用（５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）·ｄ￣（－１）,伤后０─３ｄ）对创伤小鼠活化Ｔ细胞内三磷酸肌醇（ＩＰ＿３）、游离Ｃａ￣（２＋）、钙调素（ＣａＭ）、ＣａＭ依赖的蛋白激酶（ＣａＭ－Ｐｋ）、蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）水平的降低具有明显的逆转效应,并可明显降低创伤小鼠血清、巨噬细胞、Ｔｓ细胞对各指标的抑制活性。ＧＳＬ（１．０─１００ｍｇ／Ｌ）在体外也可明显提高创伤小鼠活化Ｔ细胞内ＩＰ＿３、Ｃａ￣（２＋）、ＣａＭ、ＣａＭ－ＰＫ及ＰＫＣ水平。上述结果表明,ＧＳＬ可逆转创伤小鼠活化Ｔ细胞内磷脂酰肌醇代谢的降低。     

竹节参中人参皂甙含量分析

本文报道了竹节参中二种主要皂甙(R_(b1)和R_(g1)的HPLC定性和定量测定法。结果表明:人参皂甙R_(b1)和R_(g1)的含量较高。R_(b1)和R_(g1)的相对标准偏差分别为3.05％和3.18％,R_(b1)和R_(g1)的回收率分别为86.5～110.1％和94.7～102.7％。     

西洋参冠瘿组织悬浮培养及其人参皂苷类成分的分离

对西洋参冠瘿组织悬浮培养生长特征进行了考察,并对其悬浮培养物中的人参皂苷类成分进行了提取、分离和鉴定。研究得到了培养物最大生物量收获时间［18.62 g/L(dry weight)］及其中最高人参皂苷累积时间（620.4 mg/L on the 27thday）。培养基中碳源、磷、氨基氮、硝基氮的利用率分别为91.8%, 100%, 81% 和97%。利用现代分离纯化方法从培养物中分离得到了4种人参皂苷类成分,利用理化及谱学技术分别鉴定为假人参皂苷F11（pseudoginsenoside F₁₁,Ⅰ）, 人参皂苷Rd（ginsenoside Rd,Ⅱ）, 人参皂苷Rb1（ginsenoside Rb1 ,Ⅲ）和人参皂苷Rb3（ginsenoside Rb3,Ⅳ）。     

Determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography

In order to determine the active ingredients in root extracts of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a gradient HPLC method involving UV photodiode array detection was applied to separate and quantify simultaneously the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1. All ginseng saponins were baseline-resolved under the selected conditions, and the detection limits were 1.0 microg/mL or less. The method has been applied to analyse ginsenosides extracted from American ginseng cultivated in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Ginsenosides Re and Rb1 were the two main ginseng saponins in the root. The amounts of Re in 5- and 7-year Illinois-cultivated samples were greater than those found in ginseng cultivated for 3 or 4 years in Wisconsin, whereas the levels of Rb1 were greater in the younger Wisconsin samples.     

人参皂苷与生态因子的相关性

环境条件影响中药材活性成分的形成和积累.利用各种数学统计分析方法探讨影响人参皂苷积累的生态因子,提高人参品质.人参样品采自人参道地产区(主产区)吉林、辽宁、黑龙江三省5年生栽培人参,同时采集采样点处的土壤样品.超高效液相(UPLC)色谱法分析了不同产区9种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rf、Rg2、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd)的含量;利用“中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系统”的生态因子空间数据库,获得采样区包括温度、水分、光照等10个生态因子数据;按土壤理化性质常规方法测定土壤样品中的有效硼、有效铁等微量元素和速效氮、速效钾等有效养分.对人参有效成分含量与土壤养分进行典型相关性分析发现,土壤中的有效硼、有效铁、速效氮与人参皂苷含量呈显著正相关,即适当提高土壤中有效硼、有效铁和速效氮的含量可以促进人参皂苷成分的积累,土壤水分与所测人参皂苷含量(Rb3除外)呈显著正相关,速效磷(P)、pH、速效锌(Zn)与各人参皂苷含量呈弱相关;人参皂苷与气候因子相关分析表明,温度(年活动积温、年平均气温、7月最高气温、7月平均气温、1月最低气温、1月平均气温)与人参皂苷含量呈显著负相关,其中与药典中人参含量测定项下的人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1负相关尤为显著(r＞0.6),说明在一定温度范围内,人参皂苷是随着温度的降低而升高的,即适当低温有利于人参皂苷有效成分的积累;海拔与人参皂苷Rc、Rb2、Rb3含量呈显著正相关(r＞0.6),即相对较高的海拔可以促进这3种成分的积累;而年均降水量、年相对湿度和年均日照时数与人参皂苷相关不显著.通过主成分分析(PCA)、典型相关分析、排序等统计方法,考察不同产地样品中人参皂苷含量与生态因子间的相关性,研究结果揭示了温度在人参的主要活性成分-皂苷类形成中起决定性作用,在一定的温度范围内,温度越低越有利于人参皂苷的积累;阐明了土壤中的有效硼、有效铁、速效氮与人参皂苷含量成正相关.研究结果提示在人参实践生产中可以通过适当低温处理,增施硼、铁、氮肥等农艺措施来调控人参皂苷含量.     

Enzyme kinetics of ginsenosidase type IV hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides

In this work, the kinetics of ginsenosidase type IV hydrolyzing the 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides (PPT) from Aspergillus sp.39g strain were investigated. The enzyme molecular weight was about 56 kDa. The enzyme hydrolyzes the 6-O-α-l-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside of ginsenoside Re and 6-O-β-d-(1 → 2)-xyloside of R1 into Rg1, and subsequently hydrolyzes 6-O-β-d-glucoside of Rg1 into F1. The enzyme hydrolyzes 6-O-α-l-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside of Rg2 and 6-O-β-d-(1 → 2)-glucoside of Rf into Rh1, and subsequently hydrolyzes 6-O-β-d-glucoside of Rh1 into its aglycone. The enzyme K_m and V_max for Re were 22.2 mM, and 7.94 mM/h; the K_m and V_max for R1 were 7.06 mM and 1.61 mM/h; the enzyme transformation velocity (V₀) at 5 mM substrate was 1.46 mM/h for Re, and 0.67 mM/h for R1. Therefore, the enzyme hydrolysis on the Re rhamnoside was faster than that on R1 xyloside. The enzyme V₀ on Rg1 was 0.05 mM/h that indicated the enzyme hardly hydrolyzed the 6-O-β-d-glucoside of Rg1. The enzyme kinetic parameters of Rg2 and Rf were 5.74 and 9.43 mM for K_m; 2.70 and 2.84 mM/h for V_max; 1.26 and 0.98 mM/h for V₀ at 5 mM substrate, respectively. Thus the enzyme hydrolysis on Rg2 rhamnoside was faster than that on the glucoside of Rf.     

中药活性成分治疗糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的机制研究进展

2型糖尿病已成为威胁人类健康的重要代谢性疾病,而胰岛素抵抗作为2型糖尿病显著特征和发病机制的基本环节之一,贯穿于 疾病的整个发生发展过程。传统中药在治疗2型糖尿病/胰岛素抵抗中发挥着重要作用,但其作用机制尚难完全阐明,因此,明确其中 活性单体化合物的作用机制十分重要,并能为此类中药的现代化开发提供必要的理论基础。分类综述主要中药活性成分治疗糖尿病胰岛 素抵抗的机制研究进展。     

Growth and biosynthetic characteristics of ginseng (Panax japonicus var. repens) deep-tank cell culture in bioreactors

The aim of the work was to study the growth characteristics of cultured cells of Panax japonicus var. repens, an endemic plant of the Primorski Krai of Russia, grown in laboratory bioreactors and to determine the content of basic ginsenosides under these conditions. An increase of the inoculum size of the culture produced higher biomass accumulation and economic coefficient but slightly reduced the specific growth rate. An increase in the auxin concentration in a medium by adding 2,4-D practically did not affect growth characteristics of the culture but significantly reduced the size of cell aggregates. In all treatments tested, all major ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rd, Rf, Rg₁, and Re) were found in the culture. The total ginsenoside content was 2–3% per biomass dry weight. Meantime, ginsenosides of the Rg-series with protopanaxatriol as aglycone prevailed (70% of the total ginsenoside content). The culture conditions considerably affected the ratio of individual ginsenosides. In 2,4-D-containing medium, the preferential synthesis of Re ginsenoside was observed while both Rg₁ and Re were synthesized in other treatments.