应用果胶酶澄清甘蔗汁的研究

以甘蔗为原料,采用果胶酶和自然澄清方法进行甘蔗汁澄清比较,结果表明,酶促效果好于自然澄清,100ml甘蔗汁添加200U果胶酶在25℃、12h或45℃、1h条件下,均可使甘蔗汁的澄清度由5%提高到95%,粘度由4.0mPa·s下降到1.1mPa·s。     

Comparative demography of two giant caulescent rosettes (Espeletia timotensis and E. spicata) from the high tropical Andes

Using field data from previous studies we built matrix models for two populations of giant rosettes, Espeletia timotensis Cuatrec. and E. spicata Sch. Bip. Wedd., from the Andes Cordillera in Mérida, Venezuela. We analysed the models and calculated population growth rate (λ), sensitivities, elasticities and the sensitivity of the elasticities to changes in the vital rates. The analysis showed that the two species behave alike in general demographic terms. In both models, population growth rate is positive and sensitivities of λ to changes in vital rates decrease markedly in this order: plant establishment, progression of juvenile–adult, germination and survival. The relative contributions of vital rates to λ (elasticities) are very similar to those of other woody plant species: a higher contribution of survival and a very low contribution of fecundity. Transition from seedling to juvenile is most important and the younger established stages (juveniles and young adults) play a predominant demographic role in both populations. Seed banks and older adults are playing a relatively minor role in the dynamics of both populations. However, they may be important in relation to unpredictable, favourable or detrimental events. Perturbation analysis of elasticities showed that increasing the rate of plant establishment will decrease the relative importance of stasis. We conclude that both species are demographically very close, and similar to other long‐lived woody plant species. However, the two species differ in the role of the seed bank, which seems more important in the demography of E. spicata than in E. timotensis.     

巨穗小麦种质中外源遗传物质的细胞遗传学和分子生物学鉴定

利用C分带、基因组原位杂交并结合分子生物学手段,对12份巨穗小麦种质材料中的外源遗传物质进行了检测.结果表明,12份材料染色体数均为42,其中5份材料均具有一对小麦-黑麦(Triticum aestivum-Secalecereal)1BL/1RS易位染色体和一对中间偃麦草(Agropyron intermedium Garten)染色体、3份材料只具有一对中间偃麦草染色体、3份材料只具一对1BL/1RS染色体、1份材料无1BL/1RS和中间偃麦草染色体.进一步细胞学分析表明,此中间偃麦草染色体代换了普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中的2D染色体,因其良好的同源补偿性,表示为2Ai.同时对2Ai在巨穗小麦种质中存在的遗传学意义及小麦遗传改良中的应用进行了讨论.     

大型水母声学观测与评估技术研究进展

20世纪末以来,世界多个海域频繁出现大型水母暴发现象,对海洋生态系统、海洋渔业、沿海工业和滨海旅游业带来了巨大的灾难。为了研究大型水母生态习性,进而揭示其暴发机理并进行灾害的预警防治,近些年来国内外学者开展了大量的采用网具、目视、水下摄像、声学技术、航空影像等多种手段的大型水母监测调查工作,其中使用声学技术对大型水母进行资源评估和行为跟踪目前在欧美、日本、韩国等渔业发达国家已经开展了相关应用,在资源评估、运动学规律等研究中展现出较好的观测效果和应用潜力。目前我国在大型水母声学观测研究应用领域鲜有文献报道,通过介绍国际上利用声学技术对大型水母进行资源调查与评估、空间分布监测、运动规律等研究成果,为今后我国开展大型水母声学调查研究提供理论基础和科学依据。通过本文的分析,建议可以借鉴国际上采用科学鱼探仪、高分辨率成像声呐、声学信标等方法对大型水母进行监测调查和资源评估的研究成果,结合实际情况将声学技术逐步研究并应用到我国大型水母资源调查与评估、自然生态习性研究、重点水域大型水母动态监测预警中去,完善我国大型水母监测调查体系。     

小相岭山系大熊猫大中型伴生兽类

本文总结了小相岭山系与大熊猫同域分布的大中型兽类的种类、主要遗留痕迹的鉴别特征以及对大熊猫的影响;统计了大熊猫伴生动物的样线遇见率,反映了不同伴生动物的相对数量。本文对进一步研究小相岭山系大熊猫的伴生动物,更好地保护大熊猫具有一定的参考价值。     

道路影响下野生动物廊道的选址——以大熊猫保护廊道为例

沿道路设置供野生动物迁徙、扩散和连接栖息地的廊道是应对道路干扰最有效的措施,科学选址则是野生动物廊道建设的前提,也是廊道研究的薄弱领域。以大熊猫廊道为例对野生动物廊道选址指标体系、方法和程序进行了探索,将栖息地特征、地形因素、植被可转化性、工程成本作为大熊猫廊道选址指标,基于Arcgis和栖息地格局、海拔、坡度、植被数据,为四川306省道椅子垭口段确定了两处大熊猫廊道位置,并用监测数据证明了所选位置具有较大的可行性和准确性。研究表明栖息地格局是廊道选址的重要基础,应侧重对地形因素的研究。研究为廊道选址方法和流程进行了示范,还对选址指标体系优化、提高选址的科学性进行了探讨,有助于推动野生动物廊道研究从理论探索走向实际应用。     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复过程研究

保护与恢复生境是有效保护大熊猫的重要途径,通过样方调查法研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａ　ｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）恢复生境的群落结构特征,共调查了原始生境、２０世纪２０一３０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、４０一５０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、７０年代以后自然恢复生境以及６０一７０年代人工林等５个生境类型,２１个样方。研究结果表明：各生境类型的物种丰富度、物种多样性、植株数（高度＞５ｍ）、乔木层的平均胸径和最大平均胸径,以及大熊猫的生境成熟度都存在显著差异,竹子的生物量及更新能力也有一定差异。人工林与原始生境的群落相似性低于其他自然恢复生境与原始生境的群落相似性。研究发现,大熊猫生境恢复包括大熊猫可食竹类资源的恢复以及生境群落结构的恢复。可食竹类资源恢复所需时间相对较短,仅需约２０一３０ａ;生境的植物群落结构的恢复则要长的多,一般恢复时间５０ａ左右才能成为大熊猫的适宜生境,恢复时间为７０一８０ａ的生境与原始生境的群落结构已十分接近。通过人工造林恢复生境,无论从竹子资源的恢复,还是从植物群落结构的恢复方面,均不是一种有效地恢复大熊猫生境的方式。     

大熊猫肠道菌群的研究进展

随着最近分子生物学和高通量测序技术的快速发展,对大熊猫肠道菌群的结构和功能有了更深层次的认识。研究发现,大熊猫肠道菌群受到消化道结构、饮食、季节和年龄等多种因素的影响,在宿主免疫、消化和代谢等方面起到了重要的作用。本文综述大熊猫肠道菌群的群落结构以及生物学特性研究的最新进展,并讨论未来可能的研究方向。     

四川省大熊猫保护地生态安全及其时空演变

大熊猫是生态保护的旗舰物种,保护大熊猫及其栖息地具有重要的示范作用和科学价值。中国致力于建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,分析大熊猫保护地生态安全,为建立大熊猫国家公园提供理论依据,具有重要意义。以四川省为例,选取被划入或将来可能被划入大熊猫保护地的典型县域,构建大熊猫保护地生态安全评价指标体系,采用熵权法、层次分析法进行综合评价,并结合空间相关性分析,从时间和空间两个维度对大熊猫保护地生态安全状况进行时空动态分析。结果表明：（1）2003-2017年四川省大熊猫保护地生态安全综合指数呈波动性上升趋势,生态环境改善显著,但仍有部分县域出现不同程度的环境恶化现象。（2）各县域生态安全状况表现出较强的差异性,并且相邻县域生态安全指数存在显著的空间正相关性和空间集聚性。（3）大熊猫保护地生态安全与周边社会经济发展之间矛盾依然尖锐,相邻县域之间的经济发展和生态保护状况相互影响的作用明显,需联合治理,共同促进生态平衡,提高大熊猫及其栖息地保护效果。     

Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time‐series analysis

The study of wildlife activity patterns is an effective approach to understanding fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes. However, traditional statistical approaches used to conduct quantitative analysis have thus far had limited success in revealing underlying mechanisms driving activity patterns. Here, we combine wavelet analysis, a type of frequency‐based time‐series analysis, with high‐resolution activity data from accelerometers embedded in GPS collars to explore the effects of internal states (e.g., pregnancy) and external factors (e.g., seasonal dynamics of resources and weather) on activity patterns of the endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Giant pandas exhibited higher frequency cycles during the winter when resources (e.g., water and forage) were relatively poor, as well as during spring, which includes the giant panda's mating season. During the summer and autumn when resources were abundant, pandas exhibited a regular activity pattern with activity peaks every 24 hr. A pregnant individual showed distinct differences in her activity pattern from other giant pandas for several months following parturition. These results indicate that animals adjust activity cycles to adapt to seasonal variation of the resources and unique physiological periods. Wavelet coherency analysis also verified the synchronization of giant panda activity level with air temperature and solar radiation at the 24‐hr band. Our study also shows that wavelet analysis is an effective tool for analyzing high‐resolution activity pattern data and its relationship to internal and external states, an approach that has the potential to inform wildlife conservation and management across species.