不同年龄鼠骨髓干细胞移植治疗心梗后心衰的实验研究

目的：通过对比观察不同年龄鼠骨髓干细胞在体外的生长状态和移入受损心肌后对心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影响,说明年龄对骨髓干细胞的增殖能力和对移植效果的影响。方法：分别分离培养3日龄,1月龄,6月龄,12月龄Wister雄鼠骨髓干细胞,观察细胞生长状态,描记生长曲线。将60只大鼠用结扎冠状动脉前降支的方法制成心肌梗死模型后两周,随机分为三组：Ⅰ组：3日龄组（n=20只）：给予3日龄的5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶（Brdu）标记的鼠骨髓干细胞;Ⅱ组：6月龄组（n=20只）：给予6月龄的Brdu标记的鼠骨髓干细胞;Ⅲ组：对照组（n=20只）：给予培养液。各组均于治疗前及治疗后4周进行心脏超声检查评价心功能改善情况。处死动物取出心脏,进行直接测量后取左心室作石蜡切片,行苏木素-伊红（HE）染色及免疫组化检测,鉴定植入的细胞和心肌、毛细血管再生情况。结果：不同年龄鼠骨髓干细胞培养结果示3日龄及1月龄组增殖能力均高于6月龄及12月龄组,但3日龄与1月龄组之间无统计学差异,12月龄组在原代培养后期即死亡。治疗前超声心动图显示Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组心功能无显著差异（P〉0.05）,治疗之后四周超声心动图检查结果示：Ⅰ、Ⅱ组LVEF、FS、IVST、LVPW和LVESD较治疗前均有明显提高,且显著高于Ⅲ组;Ⅰ组LVEF、FS、IVST、LVPWs和LVESD又明显高于Ⅱ组;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组LVEDD与治疗前比较无统计学意义。心脏直测结果显示Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的Wh、Wh、Wb、L、I度均较第Ⅲ组有所增加,其中Ⅰ组又明显高于Ⅱ组。免疫组化结果显示：Ⅰ、Ⅱ组于梗死周边均发现Brdu（＋）细胞存在,心肌特异性抗体阳性,且Ⅰ组阳性率明显高于Ⅱ组。毛细血管密度检测结果显示Ⅰ组毛细血管增生情况明显优于Ⅱ组。结论：不同年龄鼠骨髓干细胞的体外增殖能力不同,年龄越小,增殖能力越强。骨髓干细胞移植可以改善心肌梗死后大鼠的心脏功能,增加梗死区毛细血管密度,抑制心室重构,且年龄与移植效果成反比。     

Slow growth of the overexploited milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus affects its sustainability in West Africa

Age and growth of Rhizoprionodon acutus were estimated from vertebrae age bands. From December 2009 to November 2010, 423 R. acutus between 37 and 112 cm total length (L_T) were sampled along the Senegalese coast. Marginal increment ratio was used to check annual band deposition. Three growth models were adjusted to the length at age and compared using Akaike's information criterion. The Gompertz growth model with estimated size at birth appeared to be the best and resulted in growth parameters of L_∞ = 139·55 (L_T) and K = 0·17 year^?1 for females and L_∞ = 126·52 (L_T) and K = 0·18 year^?1 for males. The largest female and male examined were 8 and 9 years old, but the majority was between 1 and 3 years old. Ages at maturity estimated were 5·8 and 4·8 years for females and males, respectively. These results suggest that R. acutus is a slow‐growing species, which render the species particularly vulnerable to heavy fishery exploitation. The growth parameters estimated in this study are crucial for stock assessments and for demographic analyses to evaluate the sustainability of commercial harvests.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雄虫日龄对其交配能力和雌虫生殖力的影响

为了提高韭菜迟眼蕈蚊性信息素监控水平,本文在25℃、RH70%±5%、光周期L∶D=14∶10的条件下研究韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同日龄雄虫的交配能力及其对雌虫生殖力的影响。结果表明,未交配雄虫平均寿命4.5d,雌虫4.2d,雌雄成虫的平均寿命无显著差异。雄虫一生最多可交配13次,且随着雄虫日龄增加,雌虫交配成功率逐渐减少。随着雄虫交配经历的增加,雌虫交配的时间延长,最长达97min。雄虫的日龄并不影响与之交配雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率,但是雄虫的交配经历与雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率相关,尤其当雄虫交配经历超过8次时,与之交配的雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率显著下降。研究阐明了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生殖行为特征,为其性信息素应用提供了参考。     

红花尔基不同龄级天然樟子松外生菌根真菌群落结构特征

红花尔基被誉为樟子松Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica的故乡,樟子松是我国北方主要的造林树种之一,也是典型的菌根依赖型树种。研究樟子松根围外生菌根真菌（ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF）群落结构特征对红花尔基沙地樟子松生态系统的保护具有重要意义。本研究以红花尔基天然樟子松根围土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术研究了4个龄级（<10、11-20、21-30和31-40年,分别称作Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ龄级）天然樟子松根围土壤ECMF群落结构特征。结果表明：（1）测序共获得87 516条ECMF序列,划分为177个OTUs（operational taxonomic units,OTU）,隶属于2个门,4个纲,12个目,26个科,43个属。（2）Ⅳ龄级中Ace丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著高于Ⅰ龄级（P<0.05）。（3）不同龄级根围ECMF优势属占比不同,Ⅰ龄级中占比最大的为Inocybe（42.55%）;Ⅱ和Ⅲ龄级中占比最大的均为Tricholoma,分别为31.64%和27.69%;Ⅳ龄级中占比最大的为Cortinarius（28.80%）。（4）冗余分析表明,土壤pH值对ECMF的影响程度最大,其次为速效钾和碱解氮;同时,不同理化因子对群落中优势属的影响也存在差异。     

Variation in the transition from inside to outside work in the red harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus

Summary. In laboratory colonies of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, we observed the sequence of tasks performed by marked individuals. Observations of about 760 ants in three laboratory colonies indicate that ants often move from inside to outside work. However, there was a great deal of variation in the sequence. If trends in sequence were weak because ants do move from inside to outside work but the duration of our observations was too short to see the transition, ants should be observed to stay either inside or outside. There was no significant tendency for ants to persist in inside or outside work, indicating the variability in sequence is real. Ants tended to perform midden work before they died. Foraging activity is low in laboratory colonies, and it may be that ants that would be foragers in the field end up as midden workers in the laboratory. High variability in task sequence, in uniform laboratory conditions, contrasts with the apparently more consistent sequence from inside to outside work in the field. This suggests that requirements imposed by variable external conditions and colony needs in the field have a strong influence on task sequence.Received 7 May 2004; revised 11 November 2004; accepted 18 November 2004.     

Age as a factor in induction of systemic acquired resistance in tomato against bacterial speck by aqueous fruit extracts of Azadirachta indica

In the present study, the effect of aqueous fruit extracts of Azadirachta indica on activity of Peroxidase (POX) at different ages of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leading to induction of systemic resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato was evaluated. For this evaluation, four ages, that is, 6, 8, 10 and 12?weeks of plants were selected. A single leaf at the third node from base of each plant was treated either singly or with different combinations of Neem extract and pathogen. Samples were collected at an interval of 24?h for up to five days and after two weeks of the treatment from both treated and untreated nodes. The change in the activity of defence enzyme POX and expression of its isoforms was studied. The results demonstrate that systemic acquired resistance induced by the Neem fruit extract increases as the plant matures but it is not only the limiting factor.     

Physical anthropological approaches to aging

The field of gerontology is remarkably diverse; yet there has been relatively little investigation of physical anthropological issues in aging research. This review explores gerontologic topics of actual and/or potential interest to physical anthropologists. The evolution of aging presents a theoretical dilemma in that postreproductively expressed traits may be outside the influence of natural selection. The physiological changes of aging comprise a diversified mosaic of physical deterioration as would be expected from an evolutionary model. Studies of prehistoric aging are limited to estimating lifespan, which may not be indicative of rate of aging. Considerable attention has been devoted to body composition and aging, and notable findings include a loss of lean tissue with age and relatively constant (though redistributing) fat mass. Osteoporosis is a major problem of aging in females, as is tooth loss in both sexes. The study of variation in rates of aging is only beginning, and a number of approaches to measuring biological age in adulthood are presented. Determining the associations of lifestyle, economic, and nutritional status with biological age may reveal sources of variation in rates of aging and may be of practical importance.     

Age‐related deterioration of motor function in male and female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to age‐related cognitive and sensori‐motor dysfunction. There is an increased understanding that motor dysfunction contributes to overall AD severity, and a need to ameliorate these impairments. The 5xFAD mouse develops the neuropathology, cognitive and motor impairments observed in AD, and thus may be a valuable animal model to study motor deficits in AD. Therefore, we assessed age‐related changes in motor ability of male and female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age, using a battery of behavioral tests. At 9‐10 months, 5xFAD mice showed reduced body weight, reduced rearing in the open‐field and impaired performance on the rotarod compared to wild‐type controls. At 12‐13 months, 5xFAD mice showed reduced locomotor activity on the open‐field, and impaired balance on the balance beam. At 15‐16 months, impairments were also seen in grip strength. Although sex differences were observed at specific ages, the development of motor dysfunction was similar in male and female mice. Given the 5xFAD mouse is commonly on a C57BL/6 × SJL hybrid background, a subset of mice may be homozygous recessive for the Dysf ^im mutant allele, which leads to muscular weakness in SJL mice and may exacerbate motor dysfunction. We found small effects of Dysf ^im on motor function, suggesting that Dysf ^im contributes little to motor dysfunction in 5xFAD mice. We conclude that the 5xFAD mouse may be a useful model to study mechanisms that produce motor dysfunction in AD, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutics on ameliorating motor impairment.     

Native tree regeneration in native tree plantations: understanding the contribution of Araucaria angustifolia to biodiversity conservation in the threatened Atlantic Forest in Argentina

Deforestation is a global process that has strongly affected the Atlantic Forest in South America, which has been recognised as a threatened biodiversity hotspot. An important proportion of deforested areas were converted to forest plantations. Araucaria angustifolia is a native tree to the Atlantic Forest, which has been largely exploited for wood production and is currently cultivated in commercial plantations. An important question is to what extent such native tree plantations can be managed to reduce biodiversity loss in a highly diverse and vulnerable forest region . We evaluated the effect of stand age, stand basal area, as a measure of stand density, and time since last logging on the density and richness of native tree regeneration in planted araucaria stands that were successively logged over 60 years, as well as the differences between successional groups in the response of plant density to stand variables. We also compared native tree species richness in planted araucaria stands to neighbouring native forest. Species richness was 71 in the planted stands (27 ha sampled) and 82 in native forest (18 ha sampled) which approximate the range of variation in species richness found in the native forests of the study area. The total abundance and species richness of native trees increased with stand age and time since last logging, but ecological groups differed in their response to such variables. Early secondary trees increased in abundance with stand age 3–8 times faster than climax or late secondary trees. Thus, the change in species composition is expected to continue for a long term. The difference in species richness between native forest and planted stands might be mainly explained by the difference in plant density. Therefore, species richness in plantations can contribute to local native tree diversity if practices that increase native tree density are implemented.