小麦-冰草新种质普冰2011姊妹系的育种效应分析

远缘杂交是小麦改良的重要途径之一,但在获得稳定创新种质的过程中,通常会衍生出众多的姊妹系,对这些姊妹系进行系统的农艺性状考察和重要性状的基因型分析是进一步利用的基础。本研究对小麦-冰草(Agropyron cristatum,PPPP)远缘杂交过程中获得的205个普冰2011姊妹系进行了综合农艺性状评价和重要性状的基因型分析。结果表明,205个普冰2011姊妹系田间表现相近,其遗传相似系数范围为0.985~0.999,在15个单一性状上的变异系数范围为0.54%~20.21%;205个姊妹系成株期均抗白粉病,其中204个姊妹系成株期抗条锈病,2个姊妹系苗期抗条锈病;112个姊妹系含有优质亚基5+10,其中4个同时含有优质亚基2*和5+10;普冰2011-2的春化基因组成为(vrn-A1、vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和vrn-B3),其余204个姊妹系为(vrn-A1、vrn-B1、vrn-D1和vrn-B3),205个姊妹系均含有光周期基因Ppd-D1a,为光不敏感型材料。通过进一步分析,从7个高产姊妹系中筛选出3个高产、稳产、抗倒伏的姊妹系可直接用于新品种选育,另外7个姊妹系在丰产性、品质和抗病性等个别性状上表现突出,可作为育种亲本加以利用。     

我国辣椒种质资源eIF4E基因多态性分析

利用国家蔬菜种质资源库的1904份辣椒资源材料,采用测序技术获得eIF4E(eukaryotic translation initiation 4E)基因exon1序列,研究e IF4E基因多样性及我国辣椒种质资源群体多样性。结果表明:在1904份材料中共发现17个单倍型,14个有义多态性位点,其中9个为新的位点,位点大多集中在eIF4E蛋白表面环上;8个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.519和0.00210;群体间分化指数(Fst值)及基因流(Nm)表明不同群体间表现差异的分化程度;AMOVA分析表明总变异主要来源于群体内个体间的变异(97.23%),只有2.77%变异发生在群体间。本研究将有助于了解我国辣椒eIF4E基因多样性,为抗PVY育种提供更多抗源材料。     

新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性分析及DNA指纹图谱构建

利用SCoT分子标记对新疆枸杞种质资源进行遗传多样性分析和DNA指纹图谱构建,为杂交育种和种质鉴定提供理论依据。结果显示:9条SCoT引物扩增出条带256条,其中219条为多态性条带,多态性比率达85.62%,多态性信息含量(PIC)值变化范围在0.77~0.91之间,平均值为0.85,观测等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)的平均值分别为1.8562、1.4350、0.2611、0.3989,聚类分析表明,遗传相似系数变化范围在0.5938~0.8398之间,在遗传相似系数为0.66和0.71处,可将30份材料分别分为2大类和4个亚类,主坐标分析结果和聚类结果基本一致,同时利用5条多态性SCoT引物构建了30份材料的DNA指纹图谱。新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性水平较高,且SCoT分子标记适于新疆枸杞种质资源遗传多样性分析和DNA指纹图谱构建,该研究结果为新疆枸杞种质资源评价、鉴定和新品种选育奠定了基础。     

Patent portfolio-based indicators to evaluate the commercial benefits of national plant genetic resources

According to property rights theory, national plant genetic resources (PGRs) are sovereign properties rather than resources belonging to the common heritage of humankind. Consequently, provider states can claim compensation from users of their national PGRs, leading to the need for bilateral or multilateral agreements to share national PGRs' commercial benefits. However, as benefit-sharing agreements are made exante, estimating the potential profit is difficult. Thus, issues around asymmetric information about the commercial value of such resources have emerged. In this paper, we use a patent portfolio as a proxy to estimate the potential commercial benefits of national PGRs and propose new evaluation indicators. We propose a comprehensive evaluation process that covers constructing a patent portfolio for each PGR, establishing indicators in terms of marketability, technology, and exclusiveness, and assigning weights to the indicators using fuzzy analytic hierarchy. In addition, we illustrate this process using a case of Korean national PGRs based on the opinions of stakeholders and experts. This research is expected to help promote national PGR transactions with equitable access and benefit sharing agreements.     

酶工程精品资源共享课程的建设及后期拓展性应用的探索

酶工程精品资源共享课程建设是提高酶学与酶技术研究效率的重要手段,通过各种网络技术将信息及时、准确地进行传递,并能将复杂的文字表达演化为动画、图像等更易于接受的媒介,使学生的学习效率和学习热情达到最优组合,并为学生多媒体教学后的复习与巩固,答疑解难及知识拓展创造了更为便利的平台。因此,作为资源共享课程,在网络模式的建设和后期拓展性应用等方面,从学生学习的目的和实际效果出发,还必须在教学中做更深入的探讨,通过优化教学模块、丰富考核方式、增强移动平台运用及借鉴慕课管理等措施,以促进课程的高效实施和建设质量,最终达到资源共享课程的精品建设。     

Cooperation,collective action,and the archeology of large‐scale societies

Archeologists investigating the emergence of large‐scale societies in the past have renewed interest in examining the dynamics of cooperation as a means of understanding societal change and organizational variability within human groups over time. Unlike earlier approaches to these issues, which used models designated voluntaristic or managerial, contemporary research articulates more explicitly with frameworks for cooperation and collective action used in other fields, thereby facilitating empirical testing through better definition of the costs, benefits, and social mechanisms associated with success or failure in coordinated group action. Current scholarship is nevertheless bifurcated along lines of epistemology and scale, which is understandable but problematic for forging a broader, more transdisciplinary field of cooperation studies. Here, we point to some areas of potential overlap by reviewing archeological research that places the dynamics of social cooperation and competition in the foreground of the emergence of large‐scale societies, which we define as those having larger populations, greater concentrations of political power, and higher degrees of social inequality. We focus on key issues involving the communal‐resource management of subsistence and other economic goods, as well as the revenue flows that undergird political institutions. Drawing on archeological cases from across the globe, with greater detail from our area of expertise in Mesoamerica, we offer suggestions for strengthening analytical methods and generating more transdisciplinary research programs that address human societies across scalar and temporal spectra.     

Provincial water use efficiency measurement and factor analysis in China: Based on SBM-DEA model

This paper estimates water use efficiency of 31 provinces in China during 2004–2013 using slack based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model which takes consideration of sewage. By using panel data model, factors that influence water use efficiency are explored. The results show that: (1) water use efficiency is higher in economically developed provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. (2) In general, inefficiencies of labor input and water input are larger than that of capital input. (3) After taking into account sewage as unexpected output, inefficiency of gross domestic product (GDP) for each province is quite low, but most provinces have inefficient sewage emission. (4) It is found in the analysis of influencing factors that the ratio of added value of agricultural sector, water usage per capita and sewage per unit of output have negative impact on water resources use efficiency, while the import dependence and export dependence have positive impact. The results are robust.     

从供给侧结构性改革视角看三级医院医疗资源下沉

面对区域医疗资源布局失衡、城乡医疗卫生资源配置不均衡的现状,我国部分地区开始落实推行三级医院医疗资源下沉,通过举例分析浙江、河南、福建医疗资源下沉的不同实践模式,从供给侧视角分析优质医疗资源下沉中存在的困境。建议大力推进供给侧结构改革,增加医疗资源的供给,加大政府财政对医疗资源的投入,并坚持市场机制在资源配置中的决定性作用;鼓励社会资本办医,增加供给的主体;鼓励执业医师多点执业缓解医疗人才供给的不足,促进医疗供给结构调整,促使医疗资源下沉。     

基于引物“随机组合”构建观赏桃SSR指纹图谱

近年来,我国观赏桃新品种日渐繁多、名称混乱、市场难以监管,同时用以区分品种的SSR指纹图谱的构建方法在研究界无统一的科学标准,尤其是构成最终引物组合的核心引物的确定,具体操作流程层出不穷、五花八门。为探索筛选SSR指纹图谱核心引物的科学方法,同时构建观赏桃SSR指纹图谱,该研究选用35对已报道的SSR引物对22份观赏桃种质进行试验。结果表明:通过PCR扩增与分析,多态性较高的8对引物——候选引物总共扩增出31个多态性条带,变幅为3~5个,PIC值变幅为0.458~0.668,MI值变幅为1.374~3.340。采用"随机组合"法对8对引物进行C_8~1、C_8~2、C_8~3…依次分析,得到区分能力最强的3种不同的最少引物组合方式——候选组合,并能区分出18份种质,从中发现区分能力最强的3种引物组合方式并不都是由引物PIC值、alleles数量或MI值等多态性指标最高的引物组成,而是由互补性最强的引物组成。选用组合内各引物多态性条带总数最多的组合方式"4-3"(BPPCT001+BPPCT015a+BPPCT017+BPPCT025)为22份观赏桃种质构建了指纹图谱。基于此,通过常规多态性指标筛选候选引物可以确定出单对引物鉴别能力最强的少量引物;通过"随机组合"筛选候选组合可以进一步确定出引物之间互补性最强的几种组合方式;根据组合内各引物的多态性条带总数确定最终核心引物可以确定出可扩容性最大的引物组合。该研究最终建立了候选引物——候选组合——核心引物组合"三步法"确定SSR指纹图谱核心引物组合的科学方法,不仅为22份供试观赏桃种质构建了SSR指纹图谱,也为其它作物SSR指纹图谱的构建提供了新的思路。     

籽用西瓜种质资源SSR分析及初级核心种质库构建

采用SSR分子标记技术对50份不同来源的籽用西瓜材料进行遗传多样性研究,并基于SSR分子标记聚类分析采用最小距离逐步抽样法构建籽瓜初级核心种质库。研究表明：（1）从106对SSR随机引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性高的31对引物,共得到138条清晰可辨条带,其中多态性条带115条,占83.33%,平均Shannon’s信息指数(I）为0.419 3,平均Nei’s多样指数(h）为0.272 4,平均有效等位基因数(N_e）为1.458 0,平均等位基因数(N_a）为1.981 4,说明50份籽瓜种质具有丰富的遗传多样性。（2）用NTsys2.10e软件对种质资源聚类分析表明,种质间的遗传相似系数介于0.57~0.91之间,其中来源地相同的个别种质间遗传相似系数却很小,而来源地不同的个别种质间的遗传相似系数却很高。（3）采用最小距离逐步抽样法,按70%、60%、50%、40%、30%、20%、10%的比例抽样后,各个核心子集遗传多样性指数总体上变化不明显,但各抽样比例相比,以抽样比例20%获得10份初选种质的 N_e、 h和 I达到最高值,说明抽样20%构建的初级核心种质对原始种质具有很好的代表性。