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81.
Hamada Y Hiroe T Suzuki Y Oda M Tsujimoto Y Coleman JR Tanaka S 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》2007,75(3):268-278
We have previously reported that a mutation in the ankyrin repeats of mouse Notch2 results in embryonic lethality by embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), showing developmental retardation at E10.5. This indicated that Notch2 plays an essential role in postimplantation development in mice. Here, we demonstrate that whole embryo culture can circumvent developmental retardation of Notch2 mutant embryos for up to 1 day, suggesting that the lethality was primarily caused by extraembryonic defects. Histological examinations revealed delayed entry of maternal blood into the mutant placenta and poor blood sinus formation at later stages. Notch2-expressing cells appeared around maternal blood sinuses. Specification of trophoblast subtypes appeared not to be drastically disturbed and expression of presumptive downstream genes of Notch2 signaling was not altered by the Notch2 mutation. Thus, in the developing mouse placenta, Notch2 is unlikely to be involved in cell fate decisions, but rather participates in formation of maternal blood sinuses. In aggregation chimeras with wild-type tetraploid embryos, the mutant embryos developed normally until E12.5, but died before E13.5. The chimeric placentas showed a restored maternal blood sinus formation when compared with the mutant placentas, but not at the level of wild-type diploid placentas. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant suffers from defects in maternal blood sinus formation. Thus, Notch2 is not cell autonomously required for the early cell fate determination of subtypes of trophoblast cells, but plays an indispensable role in the formation of maternal blood sinuses in the developing mouse placenta. 相似文献
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86.
Yasunori Noguchi Yukari Sakiyama Hironori Kawakami Tsutomu Katayama 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(33):20295-20312
ATP-DnaA binds to multiple DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin (oriC) and forms left-half and right-half subcomplexes that promote DNA unwinding and DnaB helicase loading. DnaA forms homo-oligomers in a head-to-tail manner via interactions between the bound ATP and Arg-285 of the adjacent protomer. DnaA boxes R1 and R4 reside at the outer edges of the DnaA-binding region and have opposite orientations. In this study, roles for the protomers bound at R1 and R4 were elucidated using chimeric DnaA molecules that had alternative DNA binding sequence specificity and chimeric oriC molecules bearing the alternative DnaA binding sequence at R1 or R4. In vitro, protomers at R1 and R4 promoted initiation regardless of whether the bound nucleotide was ADP or ATP. Arg-285 was shown to play an important role in the formation of subcomplexes that were active in oriC unwinding and DnaB loading. The results of in vivo analysis using the chimeric molecules were consistent with the in vitro data. Taken together, the data suggest a model in which DnaA subcomplexes form in symmetrically opposed orientations and in which the Arg-285 fingers face inward to mediate interactions with adjacent protomers. This mode is consistent with initiation regulation by ATP-DnaA and bidirectional loading of DnaB helicases. 相似文献
87.
Alessandro Aliverti Vittorio Pandini Giuliana Zanetti 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics》2004,1696(1):93-101
Two isoforms of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) exist in higher plants, the leaf (or photosynthetic) and the root (or non-photosynthetic) isoform, which have 48% amino acid sequence identity and display specific structural and functional features. With the aim to gain further insight into the structure–function relationship of this enzyme, we designed two novel chimeric flavoenzymes by swapping the structural domains between the leaf and the root isoforms. Characterization of the chimeras would allow dissection of the contribution of the individual domains to catalysis. The chimera obtained by grafting together the FAD-binding domain of the root-isoform and the NADP-binding domain of the leaf-isoform was inactive when expressed in Escherichia coli. On the other hand, the chimera assembled in the opposite way (leaf FAD-binding domain and root NADP-binding domain) was functional and was produced in the bacterial host to a level threefold higher than that of the parent enzymes. The protein was purified and found to be as stable as the natural isoforms. Limited proteolysis excluded the presence in the chimera of misfolded regions. The affinity of the chimera for ferredoxin I (Fd I) was similar to that of the leaf isoform, although interprotein electron-transfer was partially impaired. As occurs with the root isoform, the chimera bound NADP+ with high affinity, while spectroscopic evidence suggested that the conformation adopted by the nicotinamide moiety bound to the chimera was similar to that observed in the leaf enzyme. Interestingly, the chimera, by combining favorable features from both parent isoforms, acquired a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), as an NADPH-dependent diaphorase, higher than those of both the root (~2-fold) and the leaf enzyme (~5-fold). Thus, molecular breeding between isozymes has improved the catalytic properties of FNR. 相似文献
88.
G. Roberto Burgio 《Acta biotheoretica》1990,38(2):143-159
Starting from the conceptual premises of Garrod, who as long ago as 1902 spoke of chemical individuality, and of Burnet (1949), who recognized as self one's own molecular antigenic structures (as opposed to the antigenic alien: the non- self), the discovery and understanding of HLA antigens and of their extraordinarily individual and differentiated polymorphisms have gained universal recognition. Transplant medicine has now dramatically stressed, within man's knowledge of himself, the characteristic of his biological uniqueness. Today man, having become aware of being a biological antigenic-molecular individuality which is unique and different from that of all of his fellow men (except for monozygotic twins), can therefore easily consider himself a true biological Ego.Abbreviations BMT
bone marrow transplantation
- GVHD
graft versus host disease
- HLA
human leukocyte antigens
- MHC
major histocompatibility complex
- MLC
mixed lymphocyte culture
- MLR
mixed lymphocyte reaction 相似文献
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构建HCV la/1b嵌合型全长cDNA克隆,进行体外转录,脂质体法转染HepG2细胞,以RT-PCR法检测HCV正、负链RNA,Western印迹检测HCV蛋白表达.结果表明,细胞在转染后8代(约35d)内,能间断检测到HCV正、负链RNA以及相对分子质量约70000的HCV NS3蛋白,证明该HCV嵌合体可以在细胞中复制和表达.本研究表明含有该嵌合型全长cDNA的质粒可以为后续HCV的研究提供大量可重复的性质均一的病毒模板,有助于深入了解HCV的复制机制. 相似文献