Modulation of immunogenicity of poly(sarcosine) displayed on various nanoparticle surfaces due to different physical properties

Poly(sarcosine) displayed on polymeric micelle is reported to trigger a T cell‐independent type2 reaction with B1a cells in the mice to produce IgM and IgG3 antibodies. In addition to polymeric micelle, three kinds of vesicles displaying poly(sarcosine) on surface were prepared here to evaluate the amounts and avidities of IgM and IgG3, which were produced in mice, to correlate them with physical properties of the molecular assemblies. The largest amount of IgM was produced after twice administrations of a polymeric micelle of 35 nm diameter ( G1 ). On the other hand, the production amount of IgG3 became the largest after twice administrations of G3 (vesicle of 229 nm diameter) or G4 (vesicle of 85 nm diameter). The augmented avidity of IgG3 after the twice administrations compared with that at the single administration was the highest with G3 . These differences in immune responses are discussed in terms of surface density of poly(sarcosine) chains, nanoparticle size, hydrophobic component of poly(L‐lactic acid) or (Leu‐ or Val‐Aib)_n, and membrane elasticity of the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高压氧联合高频rTMS对重型颅脑损伤后意识障碍患者促醒作用、神经电生理和脑损伤标志物的影响

摘要 目的：探讨高压氧联合高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对重型颅脑损伤后意识障碍（DOC）患者促醒作用、神经电生理和脑损伤标志物的影响。方法：选取2021年6月~2023年6月期间安徽中医药大学附属六安医院收治的的80例重型颅脑损伤后DOC患者。根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=40,高压氧治疗）和观察组（n=40,高压氧联合高频rTMS治疗）。对比两组疗效、促醒作用、神经电生理和脑损伤标志物水平变化情况。结果：观察组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗4周后修订的昏迷恢复量表（CRS-R）、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分升高,观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗4周后脑干听觉诱发电位（BAFP）、四肢体感诱发电位（SEP）、脑电图（EEG）分级有所改善,观察组改善效果优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗4周后髓鞘碱蛋白（MBP）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、S100β蛋白下降,观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：高压氧联合高频rTMS治疗可有效促醒重型颅脑损伤后DOC患者,还可改善神经电生理活动,减轻脑损伤程度。     

基于经会阴实时三维超声评估生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗产后盆底功能障碍的临床疗效

摘要 目的：探讨经会阴实时三维超声评估生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗产后盆底功能障碍的临床疗效。方法：选择2020年9月至2022年9月我院收治的96例产后盆底功能障碍患者,根据随机数字表法将患者分为两组,对照组（48例）采用盆底肌锻炼治疗,研究组（48例）采用生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗。治疗前后采用经会阴实时三维超声检查,对比两组治疗前后的盆底功能障碍调查表（PFDI-20）、盆底障碍影响简易问卷7（PFIQ-7）评分、静息和Valsalva动作状态下的肛提肌超声参数。分析肛提肌超声参数与PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分的相关性。结果：两组治疗后PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分,静息和Valsalva动作状态下肛提肌裂孔前后径、肛提肌裂孔左右径、肛提肌裂孔面积较治疗前降低（P＜0.05）,静息时肛提肌厚度较治疗前增加（P＜0.05）。研究组治疗后PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分,静息和Valsalva动作状态下肛提肌裂孔前后径、肛提肌裂孔左右径、肛提肌裂孔面积低于对照组（P＜0.05）,静息时肛提肌厚度大于对照组（P＜0.05）。静息和Valsalva状态下肛提肌裂孔前后径、肛提肌裂孔左右径、肛提肌裂孔面积与PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分呈正相关（P＜0.05）,静息状态肛提肌厚度与PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：经生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗后肛提肌裂孔大小较治疗前降低,肛提肌厚度较治疗前增加,且与PFDI-20、PFIQ-7评分改善有关,经会阴实时三维超声可客观、有效评价产后盆底功能障碍患者的治疗效果。     

经皮穴位电刺激联合常规镇痛对无痛人流术后宫缩痛镇痛效果及机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨经皮穴位电刺激联合常规镇痛对无痛人流术后宫缩痛镇痛效果及机制。方法：选择来我院行无痛人流患者100例。根据随机数字表法分为两组。对照组行术后常规镇痛治疗,同时在内关、合谷、三阴交最酸胀处黏贴电极但是不进行穴位刺激。观察组在术后常规镇痛基础上行经皮穴位电刺激治疗。对比不同时间点两组患者的机体一般情况、不同时间点两组患者的宫缩痛疼痛情况、T3时正性负性情绪量表评分、T3时血清P物质、前列腺素、5-羟色胺、β-内啡肽、强啡肽水平、T4点时的心理状态评分及满意度评分。结果：对照组T1、T2点时的BP、HR、RR、SpO₂明显较同组T0点低,对照组T3点与观察组T1、T2、T3点时BP、HR、RR、SpO₂与同组T0点对比无统计学意义（P>0.05）;对照组T1、T2点时的BP、HR、RR、SpO₂明显较观察组同时间点低（P<0.05）。T0点,两组VAS评分对比无统计学意义（P>0.05）;T1、T2、T3点时间,观察组的VAS评分明显较对照组低（P<0.05）;对照组T1、T2点的VAS评分明显较同组T0点高,观察组T1、T2、T3点的VAS评分明显较T0点低（P<0.05）。观察组的正性情绪明显较对照组高,负性情绪明显较对照组低（P<0.05）。观察组的血清P物质、前列腺素、5-羟色胺、β-内啡肽、强啡肽水平明显较对照组低（P<0.05）。观察组的心理状态评分明显较对照组低,满意度评分明显较对照组高（P<0.05）。结论：经皮穴位电刺激联合常规镇痛可明显改善无痛人流术后宫缩痛镇痛效果、患者心理状态及满意度,可能与其可降低血清P物质、前列腺素、5-羟色胺、β-内啡肽、强啡肽水平有关。     

High sequence coverage by in-capillary proteolysis of native proteins and simultaneous analysis of the resulting peptides by nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

Losses of proteolytic peptides during extraction and/or purification procedures succeeding in-gel or in-solution digests of proteins frequently occur in the course of protein identification investigations. In order to overcome this disadvantage, the method of in-capillary digest was developed: native proteins were incubated in the presence of endoproteases in the electrospray capillary and the resulting peptides were analyzed by nanoelectrospray-mass spectrometry during the ongoing proteolysis. In-capillary digest of apomyglobin by use of trypsin in a molar ratio of 25:1 yielded complete degradation already after 15 min. The sequence coverage based on formation of molecular ions was 100% and peptide ions could be fragmented by collision-induced dissociation and sequenced. When myoglobin was incubated in the electrospray capillary with trypsin in a molar ratio of 500:1, a clear shift from molecular ions and miscleaved peptide ions to the expected final tryptic peptide ions was observed over a 2 h period. The peptide spectra obtained from tryptic in-capillary proteolysis of bovine serum albumin and apotransferrin, respectively, gave rise to sequence coverages of more than 40% for both proteins. The data obtained from the peptide maps as well as from collision-induced dissociation (CID) of selected peptides were more than sufficient for protein identification by database searches. An elephant milk protein preparation was used to demonstrate the application of in-capillary proteolysis on protein mixtures. Tryptic digest, simultaneous analysis of the proteolytic peptides by use of CID, and subsequent sequencing allowed the identification of lactoferrin, alphas1-casein, beta-casein, delta-casein, and kappa-casein by homology search.     

Ecological genetics of Italian peach‐potato aphid (Myzus persicae) populations in relation to geography,dispersal and insecticide resistance as studied using microsatellite and resistance markers

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Adipose tissue interleukin-18 mRNA and plasma interleukin-18: effect of obesity and exercise

Objectives: Obesity and a physically inactive lifestyle are associated with increased risk of developing insulin resistance. The hypothesis that obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue (AT) interleukin (IL)‐18 mRNA expression and that AT IL‐18 mRNA expression is related to insulin resistance was tested. Furthermore, we speculated that acute exercise and exercise training would regulate AT IL‐18 mRNA expression. Research Methods and Procedures: Non‐obese subjects with BMI < 30 kg/m² (women: n = 18; men; n = 11) and obese subjects with BMI >30 kg/m² (women: n = 6; men: n = 7) participated in the study. Blood samples and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were obtained at rest, immediately after an acute exercise bout, and at 2 hours or 10 hours of recovery. After 8 weeks of exercise training of the obese group, sampling was repeated 48 hours after the last training session. Results: AT IL‐18 mRNA content and plasma IL‐18 concentration were higher (p < 0.05) in the obese group than in the non‐obese group. AT IL‐18 mRNA content and plasma IL‐18 concentration was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with insulin resistance. While acute exercise did not affect IL‐18 mRNA expression at the studied time‐points, exercise training reduced AT IL‐18 mRNA content by 20% in both sexes. Discussion: Because obesity and insulin resistance were associated with elevated AT IL‐18 mRNA and plasma IL‐18 levels, the training‐induced lowering of AT IL‐18 mRNA content may contribute to the beneficial effects of regular physical activity with improved insulin sensitivity.     

Limits to convergence of vegetation during early primary succession

Questions: Primary succession, measured by changes in species composition, is slow, usually forcing a chronose‐quence approach. A unique data set is used to explore spatial and temporal changes in vegetation structure after a 1980 volcanic eruption. On the basis of data from a transect of 20 permanent plots with an altitudinal range of 250 m sampled through 2005, two questions are asked: Do changes along the transect recapitulate succession? Do plots converge to similar composition over time? Location: A ridge between 1218 and 1468 m on Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA. Methods: Repeat sampling of plots for species cover along a 1‐km transect. Floristic changes were characterized by techniques including DCA, clustering and similarity. Results: Species richness and cover increased with time at rates that decreased with increasing elevation. The establishment of Lupinus lepidus accelerated the rate of succession and may control its trajectory. Diversity (H) at first increased with richness, then declined as dominance hierarchies developed. Primary succession was characterized by overlapping phases of species assembly (richness), vegetation maturation (diversity peaks, cover expands) and inhibition (diversity declines). Each plot passed through several community classes, but by 2005, only four classes persisted. Succession trajectories (measured by DCA) became shorter with elevation. Similarity between groups of plots defined by their classification in 2005 did not increase with time. Similarity within plot groups converged slightly at the lower elevations. Despite similarities between temporal and spatial trends in composition, trajectories of higher plots do not recapitulate those of lower plots, apparently because Lupinus was not an early colonist. Any vegetation convergence has been limited to plots that are in close proximity.     

Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?

Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model‐data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter‐model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water‐limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily–monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal–annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter‐model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.