Production of neutral and alkaline extracellular proteases by the thermophilic fungus, Scytalidium thermophilum, grown on microcrystalline cellulose

Extracellular proteases produced by Scytalidium thermophilum, grown on microcrystalline cellulose, were most active at pH 6.5–8 and 37–45 °C when incubated for 60 min. Highest protease activity was at day 3 where endoglucanase activity was low. Protease activity measurements with and without the protease inhibitors, p-chloromercuribenzoate, PMSF, antipain, E-64, EDTA and pepstatin A, suggest production of thiol-containing serine protease and serine proteases. Endoglucanase and Avicel-adsorbable endoglucanase activity in culture medium was not significantly affected by protease inhibitors.     

Enzyme production in continuous cultivation by the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus

The production of extracellular enzymes by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was studied in chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of 0.08 h^–1 in relation to variation in the ammonium concentration in the feed medium. Under steady state conditions, three growth regimes were recognised and the production of several extracellular enzymes from T. lanuginosus was recorded under different nutrient limitations ranging from nitrogen limitation to carbon/energy limitation. The range and the production of carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes and lipase increased from Regime I (NH₄Cl 600 mg l^–1) to Regime III (NH₄CI 1200 mg l^–1), whereas production of protease was highest in Regime II (600 mg l^–1 < NH₄Cl <1200 mg l^–1).     

冰核真菌削弱赤拟谷盗抗寒力的初步研究

赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum是不耐结冰的害虫,在冬季它通过降低过冷却点以避免结冰造成的致命伤害。冰核活性细菌能显著提高昆虫的过冷却点,使之在较高的零下温度发生结冰。试验证明冰核活性真菌也能显著提高赤拟谷盗的过冷却点。对照组平均过冷却点为-14.9℃。用10 g/L的冰核真菌制剂喷洒虫体,风干后测定,平均过冷却点提高到-4.8℃。用0.1 g/L处理后至少在7天内过冷却点保持较高。这些结果表明冰核真菌可能成为一种在冬季使用的、防治不耐结冰害虫的促冻杀虫剂。     

Biotransformation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: oxidation of alkyl side-chain

The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which generally mineralizes substituted aromatics to CO₂, transformed linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants mainly at their alkyl side chain. Degradation of LAS was evidenced by a zone of clearing on LAS-containing agar plates and colorimetric analysis of liquid cultures. Disappearance of LAS was virtually complete within 10 days in low nitrogen (2.4 mM N), high nitrogen (24 mM N) and malt extract (ME) liquid media. After 5 days of incubation in ME medium, transformation of LAS was complete at concentrations4 mg l^-1, but decreased at higher concentrations. The LAS degradation was not dependent on lignin peroxidases (LiPs) and manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs). Mineralization of¹⁴C-ring-LAS to ¹⁴CO₂ by P. chrysosporium was <1% regardless of the culture conditions used. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectral analyses indicated that P. chrysosporium transformed LAS to sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs) through oxidative shortening of the alkyl side-chains. While LAS disappearance in the cultures was not dependent on LiPs and MnPs, transformation of the parent LAS moieties to SPCs was more extensive in low N medium that favors expression of these enzymes. The SPCs produced in LN cultures were shorter in chain-length than those produced in ME cultures. Also there was a notable shift in the relative abundance of odd and even chain length metabolites compared to the starting LAS particularly in the low N cultures suggesting the possible involvement of processes other than or in addition to-oxidation in the chain-shortening process.     

Methanogenic bacteria as a key factor involved in changes of town gas stored in an underground reservoir

Growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited medium buffered with sodium acetate, instead of the commonly used 2,2-dimethylsuccinate (DMS), resulted in quantitative and qualitative differences in the production of various extracellular lignin peroxidases (LIPs) and manganese-dependent peroxidases (MNPs) involved in lignin degradation. The results indicate that production of LIPs and MNPs can be selectively enhanced by manipulation of culture conditions. Partial N-terminal analyses of the major LIPs and MNPs have made it possible to assign a specific protein to the specific genes and cDNAs that have been reported recently. The LIPs and MNPs differed widely in their ability to decolorize various dyes that are known to be degraded by the lignin degrading enzyme system of P. chrysosporium.     

Detection and production condition of acetylxylan esterase from a wood-rotting fungus,Coriolus versicolor

Acetyl esterase production was detected in a wood-rotting fungus,Coriolus versicolor, by the formation of a clear zone on a double layer agar plate containing glucose β-d-pentaacetate. Two polysaccharide acetates, carboxymethyl cellulose acetate and xylan acetate, also served as detectable substrates in place of glucose acetate to form clear zone. In an esterase assay, this fungal esterase showed a higher specificity to acetylxylan than did porcine liver esterase, indicating that it is an acetylxylan esterase.     

Taxonomic identification of Streptomyces exfoliatus K10 and characterization of its poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase gene

Abstract Using fungi grown on synthetic agar medium, we evaluated and compared the concentration of various H₂O₂-producing enzymes. Our results showed that oxidase production in solid medium was better than that found in liquid medium and as high as that detected in wood samples. High yields of oxidases made it possible to compare different oxidases in the same culture extracts and under different conditions. Our results also indicated that H₂O₂ production is ubiquitous in the white rot fungi tested and that enzyme levels are influenced by the substrate composition.     

葡酒红菇的生态学研

本研究通过４年对葡酒红菇生态学的调查观察,掌握葡酒红菇的生态环境,以便人工模拟生态环境,栽培引种葡酒红菇。研究结果表明：葡酒红菇是一种外生菌根菌,在相对稳定的生态坏境条件下,平均温度２５—２７℃,相对湿度８０％－１００％,降雨量（土壤含水量）达４０％以上,均有红菇发生,而降雨量力其主导生态因子。每年在夏秋高温闷热阵雨之后为发生盛期。发生地以山中下部为多,林间郁团度０．８左右,土壤ｐＨ值５．６—７．０,其共生树种以壳斗科为主。     

Aspergillus taichungensis,a new species from Taiwan

Aspergillus taichungensis isolated from a soil sample collected in Taiwan is described as a new species. The new species is characterized by its restricted growth on Czapek's and malt extract agars and its white to light yellow colonies, radiate conidial heads, smooth and often diminutive conidiophores, hemispherical to elongate vesicles with biseriate aspergilla (conidiogenous cells), globose, micro-verrucose conidia and dark brown sclerotia. The species somewhat resemblesA. versicolor, A. terreus andA. flavipes, but differs in cultural and morphological details, and is considered to represent an interface species in the subgenusNidulantes.     

内生芬芳镰刀菌Dzf2中两个抗菌活性成分(英文)

采用活性追踪的方法从盾叶薯蓣内生芬芳镰刀菌Dzf2中分离到两个抗菌活性成分,通过物理化学性质和波谱学特征鉴定为镰刀菌酸(1)和9,10-脱氢镰刀菌酸(2)。采用多孔板-MTT-比色法和孢子萌发法测定了化合物的抗菌活性。镰刀菌酸和9,10-脱氢镰刀菌酸对供试细菌的半抑制浓度(IC50)值为35.35μg/mL至171.29μg/mL;对稻瘟菌孢子萌发的IC50值分别为28.83μg/mL和27.06μg/mL。