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71.
硅烷偶联剂的研究与应用 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
硅烷偶联剂是应用最广的一类偶联剂。本文阐述了其结构特征、偶联机理与使用技术,着重综述了硅烷偶联剂的应用范围与具体应用效果,最后展望了硅烷偶联剂的发展方向。 相似文献
72.
73.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phytoextraction by corn (Zea mays) of lead-contaminated soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in lead (Pb) uptake by corn (Zea mays) grown in soil supplemented with Pb was examined. Plants were subjected to four Pb levels: 0 (control); 10 (low); 100 (medium); and 500 mg L(-1) (high). At each Pb level, plants were grown in soil without and with fungicide (benomyl) (20 mg kg(-1)) to suppress AMF activity. Benomyl significantly reduced AMF colonization at high. medium, and zero Pb exposures. Benomyl application resulted in significantly lower concentrations of phosphorus in leaves at low and medium Pb exposures. The benomyl-treated plants had higher Pb and manganese concentrations in leaves than plants not treated with benomyl. In addition, benomyl-treated plants had generally lower concentrations of zinc and copper in leaves than plants not treated with benomyl. These results suggest that the role of AMF in heavy metal uptake is metal specific. Based on this work, the use of benomyl on soils contaminated with Pb can be recommended in phytoextraction. 相似文献
74.
Plant cryopreservation: Progress and prospects 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Summary Cryopreservation (liquid nitrogen, −196°C) represents the only safe and cost-effective option for long-term conservation of
germplasm of non-orthodox seed species, vegetatively propagated species, and of biotechnology products. Classical cryopreservation
techniques, which are based on freeze-induced dehydration, are mainly employed for freezing undifferentiated cultures and
apices of cold-tolerant species. New cryopreservation techniques, which are based on vitrification of internal solutes, are
successfully employed with all explant types, including cells suspensions and calluses, apices, and somatic and zygotic embryos
of temperate and tropical species. The development of cryopreservation protocols is significantly more advanced for vegetatively
propagated species than for recalcitrant seed species. Even though its routine use is still limited, there are a growing number
of examples where cryopreservation is employed on a large scale for different types of materials, including seeds with orthodox
and intermediate storage behaviour, dormant buds, pollen, biotechnology products, and apices sampled from in vitro plantlets of vegetatively propagated species. Cryopreservation can also be employed for uses other than germplasm conservation,
such as cryoselection, i.e., the selection through freezing of samples with special properties, or cryotherapy, i.e., the
elimination of viruses from infected plants through apex cryopreservation. Because of its high potential, it is expected that
cryopreservation will become more frequently employed for long-term conservation of plant genetic resources. 相似文献
75.
Proteomics in biomarker discovery and drug development 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Proteomics is a research field aiming to characterize molecular and cellular dynamics in protein expression and function on a global level. The introduction of proteomics has been greatly broadening our view and accelerating our path in various medical researches. The most significant advantage of proteomics is its ability to examine a whole proteome or sub-proteome in a single experiment so that the protein alterations corresponding to a pathological or biochemical condition at a given time can be considered in an integrated way. Proteomic technology has been extensively used to tackle a wide variety of medical subjects including biomarker discovery and drug development. By complement with other new technique advances in genomics and bioinformatics, proteomics has a great potential to make considerable contribution to biomarker identification and to revolutionize drug development process. This article provides a brief overview of the proteomic technologies and their application in biomarker discovery and drug development. 相似文献
76.
Walker K 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2000,14(4):345-354
In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying has declined substantially over the past 30years, but this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles, due to excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6 months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT production declines. At the same time, the prices of pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs, including operations (labour), transportation and human safety may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern. However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect local costs or effective application dosages at the country level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health ministries of individual countries showed that prices of particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide in any given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health insecticides could improve access to affordable products. 相似文献
77.
Bacillus species and other microbes with pH optima for growth higher than pH 9 are defined as alkaliphiles. A large number of alkaliphilic
Bacillus strains producing useful enzymes, have been isolated from various environments. Some of these enzymes, such as proteases
and cellulases from alkaliphilic Bacillus strains, have been commercialized and have brought great advantages to industry and domestic life. To support further development
of the enzyme industry, we initiated analysis of the genome of Bacillus halodurans C-125, which is 4.25 Mb in size, and constructed a physical and genetic map for comparison with the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Systematic sequencing of the whole genome of Bacillus halodurans C-125 has been automated since the beginning of May 1998, and sequencing of 98% of the whole genome has been done so far.
Through genome analysis, it became apparent that the genome organization of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125 is totally different from that of B. subtilis orthologues.
Received: July 11, 1999 / Accepted: December 27, 1999 相似文献
78.
79.
S F CARNEGIE A M CAMERON D A LINDSAY E. SHARP I M NEVISON 《The Annals of applied biology》1998,133(3):343-363
Over 6 yr the effectiveness of imazalil, prochloraz and fenpiclonil, applied either alone or in a mixture, in controlling gangrene, dry rot, skin spot and silver scurf on potato tubers in store was compared with that of 2-aminobutane and thiabendazole. An assessment was also made of their efficiency in controlling the development of these diseases on the daughter tubers of seed tubers treated at harvest or before planting. Overall, 2-aminobutane was more effective in controlling gangrene (Phoma foveata) in store than the spray-applied fungicides. Deposits of imazalil, thiabendazole and fenpiclonil were greater when sprays were applied with an electrostatic sprayer than with a hydraulic sprayer. The opposite was found with the mixture of prochloraz Mn and tolclofos-methyl. More effective gangrene control was associated with the highest deposits. Fenpiclonil and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil were more effective in controlling dry rot (Fusarium solani var. coeruleum) than imazalil alone. The development of dry rot was, however, increased by 2-aminobutane treatment on eight out of 14 stocks. 2-aminobutane gave the greatest reduction (83%) in the severity of skin spot during storage whereas thiabendazole alone, and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil, gave mean reductions of 70% and 65% respectively. This mixture and fenpiclonil gave the greatest reduction in the severity of silver scurf although, in general, reductions in silver scurf with fungicide treatment were less than with skin spot. The type of sprayer used to apply a fungicide did not affect the effectiveness of the fungicides in controlling either skin spot or silver scurf on tubers in store, or on the daughter tubers. The incidence of gangrene and dry rot on daughter tubers was not reduced consistently by fungicide treatment of seed tubers of the six stocks tested. However, the severity of skin spot and silver scurf was reduced by fungicide treatments of all eight stocks but the reduction in disease was greater for skin spot than for silver scurf. All fungicides gave reductions in the severity of skin spot, and fenpiclonil and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil were the most effective for silver scurf. The effectiveness of the fungicides in controlling these diseases was similar for seed treated at harvest and that treated before planting. 相似文献
80.
Meta分析及其在生态学上的应用 总被引:25,自引:2,他引:23
1Meta分析的概念和它的发展应用Meta分析(Meta-Analysis)是一种定量综合研究结果的方法.这种方法的思想起源于本世纪30年代,60年代用于教育、心理等社会科学领域,1976年由Glas命名为术语“Meta-Analysis”[1]。G... 相似文献