食用菌加工产业研究现状与前景

食用菌加工是利用物理、化学和生物方法处理食用菌子实体或菌丝体,生产食用菌制品。它可以解决食用菌从生产到商品出售所存在的时间矛盾,提高食用菌的商品价值。详细介绍了食用菌的干制加工、盐渍加工及罐藏加工技术,概括了食用菌深加工产业的发展现状及研究进展,提出了对食用菌加工的展望。     

当归根显微结构及其根腐病真菌分布研究

利用徒手切片、石蜡切片和超薄切片及显微摄像的方法,对当归根的显微结构及根腐病致病真菌的分布进行了研究。结果表明:当归的根由周皮和次生维管组织两部分组成,周皮由外向内依次分为木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层;次生韧皮部占根径的比例在60%以上,主要成分包括筛胞、韧皮薄壁细胞、韧皮纤维和分泌道,薄壁细胞富含淀粉粒等营养物质;次生木质部由导管、木薄壁细胞和木射线组成,木质部呈多元形,木射线和韧皮射线明显。在根的周皮细胞和中柱中均有真菌分布,说明真菌由木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层依次向里侵入到韧皮薄壁细胞,在薄壁细胞内定殖并形成菌丝结或团块状结构,进而扩展成一定的侵染区域;真菌不仅侵染周皮和韧皮部,而且还进一步侵染木质部并破坏导管。此外,研究还发现,淀粉粒是真菌定殖的主要场所,真菌穿透或缠绕在淀粉粒上,并利用其营养不断地生长与繁殖。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究 Ⅳ..Buergenerula，中国新记录属

The genus Buergenerula in driftwoods and culms of Spartina alterniflora in intertidal zone is newly recorded from China seas. Taxonomy and morphology of Buergenerula spartinae and the comparison between the species and similar species were discussed in this paper. The specimens were deposited in Mycology Herbarium at Qingdao Agricultural University (MHQAU).     

Effect of nitrate and ammonium concentration on nitrate reductase activity in five species of mycorrhizal fungi

The nitrate reducing capacity of pure cultures of Cenococcum geophilum (Sow.) Ferd. & Winge, Paxillus involutes (Batsch: Fr.) Fr. (strains 1 and 2), Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjortst., Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kuntze (strains 1 and 2) and an ectendomycorrhizal (E-strain) fungus was measured using an in vivo nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.3) assay. Differences between species and strains were established. The nitrate concentration of the culture medium influenced the nitrate reductase activities of the E-strain fungus and one strain of S. variegatus. The nitrate reductase activity of certain species and strains was a function of nitrate concentration. Addition of ammonium to the growth medium did not have any significant effect on the in vivo or in vitro nitrate reductase activity. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity in the mycelia of C. geophilum and the E-strain fungus decreased during 28 day growth in modified Melin-Norkrans medium. For mycelia of Paxillus involutus, Piloderma croceum and S. variegatus grown on agar the in vitro assays showed higher nitrate reductase activity than the in vivo assays.     

The history and future of fungi as biodiversity surrogates in forests

Biodiversity surrogates are commonly used in conservation biology. Here we review how fungi have been used as such in forest conservation, emphasizing proposed surrogate roles and practical applications. We show that many fungal surrogates have been suggested based on field experience and loose concepts, rather than on rigorously collected scientific data. Yet, they have played an important role, not only in forest conservation, but also in inspiring research in fungal ecology and forest history. We argue that, even in times of ecosystem oriented conservation planning and molecular tools to analyze fungal communities, fruit bodies of macrofungi have potential as convenient conservation shortcuts and easy tools to communicate complex biodiversity for a broader audience. To improve the reliability of future fungal surrogates we propose a three step protocol for developing evidence based schemes for practical application in forest conservation.     

植物病原真菌的自噬

作为真核生物中普遍存在的现象,自噬不但实现了对细胞内物质的降解和回收利用,而且与植物病原真菌早期侵染阶段的附着胞发育、膨压升高、菌丝体形成、完成侵染等一系列过程密切相关,并且发挥了重要的作用。本文归纳了植物病原真菌自噬的相关基因和自噬过程;总结了自噬对病原真菌生长发育、致病力的调控和影响;概括了病原真菌自噬所涉及的信号通路;阐明了自噬影响植物病原真菌侵染过程的主要分子机制。为今后以自噬相关基因或蛋白作为靶点来筛选抑制病原真菌侵染的新型药物提供新的策略和思路。     

Interactions between migratory endoparasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in perennial crops: A review

The root-lesion nematodes are important pests attacking stone and pome fruit crops throughout the world. They play an important role in the development of orchard replant problems. Host resistance toPratylenchus vulnus, the nematode of concern in mediterranean environments, has been difficult to find, and even more, to transmit into commercial rootstocks. Alternative management measures using early mycorrhizal infection that would confer protection against the nematode at a stage when plants are most vulnerable are currently being explored. These measures are considered important, taking into account a widespread change towards production systems that use in vitro material propagated in treated substrates free of mycorrhizal and other beneficial microorganisms. The prophylactic effect against root-lesion nematodes would be linked to mycorrhizal dependency of the host plant. Increase in tolerance would seem to be related to mycorrhiza assisted nutrition rather than to a direct suppressive effect of AM over the root-lesion nematode. InCitrus, Prunus, Malus andCydonia rootstocks, the nematode has shown to have a negative effect over AM colonization in the root.     

不等弯孢菌HS-FG-257中一个新的苯甲酸类化合物(英文)

从土壤不等弯孢菌HS-FG-257中分离得到4个化合物,通过波谱学鉴定为4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyoxy-3-methylbutyl)-benzoic acid(1),4-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-benzoic acid(2),4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoicacid(3)and radicinin(4),其中化合物1为新化合物。