小鼠动物实验方法系列专题(一)——Morris水迷宫实验在小鼠表型分析中的应用

本文以C57和129Sv小鼠为例介绍了Morris水迷宫实验的基本原理和实验步骤。该实验是研究鼠类空间学习记忆功能的重要实验:通过连续多日训练鼠类以水池壁的标记物进行定位导航游泳寻找水中隐藏平台的方法检测小鼠的空间学习能力;接着撤除平台,分析小鼠在水迷宫里搜索原隐藏平台的行为来检测小鼠的空间记忆功能。结果发现,两种小鼠均可成功完成实验,C57综合表现优于129Sv小鼠。Morris水迷宫是对小鼠空间学习和记忆功能研究的重要工具。     

Possible involvement of Hcn1 ion channel in learning and memory dysfunction in SAMP8 mice

The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain exhibits age-related learning and memory deficits (LMD) at 2 months of age. Combined linkage analysis of 264 F2 intercross SAMP8 × JF1 mice and RNA-seq analysis identified Hcn1 gene out of 29 genes in the LMD region on chromosome 13. Hcn1 in SAMP8 strain showed 15 times less polyglutamine repetition compared to Japanese fancy mouse 1 (JF1). Whole cell patch clamp analysis showed that Hcn1 ion conductivity was significantly lower in SAMP8 compared to that of JF1, which may be associated with learning and memory deficiency.     

花生幼苗对重复干旱胁迫的生理响应

防雨棚内设盆栽试验,设置对照(Control,75%田间持水量)、干旱胁迫(D,35%)、重复干旱胁迫(D_D,35%)3个处理,探讨花生幼苗对预干旱胁迫的适应和记忆响应,分析预干旱对缓解重复干旱胁迫危害的生理作用。结果表明,与干旱胁迫处理相比,重复干旱胁迫提高了叶片的相对含水量,减少脯氨酸的积累,降低MDA和O·_2~-含量;抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性降低,其中POD活性降低最为明显,并在复水后恢复到与对照相同水平或低于对照。与正常水分的对照相比,干旱胁迫显著降低叶片光合速率(P_N)、最大光合势能(P_C)、最大光量子产量(Y_Q),但重复干旱处理在重复干旱胁迫时期和复水后P_N、P_C和Y_Q均高于干旱处理。预干旱胁迫导致光合和气孔导度滞后面积、滞后率(H_P和H_g)增加,经过预干旱胁迫后,重复干旱显著降低光合和气孔导度滞后面积和滞后率。预干旱胁迫提高植株在重复干旱胁迫下叶片含水量,减轻重复干旱对植株造成的生理伤害,在光合作用上提高对重复干旱的抵御能力,并在复水后快速恢复到正常水分条件下植株生长水平,减少干旱对植株的不利影响。因此,预干旱胁迫促使花生幼苗具备适应或可记忆初始胁迫的能力,重复干旱胁迫时表现更为迅速和强烈的生理防御和快速的生理恢复机制。     

血浆(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖诊断深部真菌感染的临床研究

目的探讨血浆(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖对早期诊断深部真菌感染的临床价值。方法收集2009年3月～11月间在北京友谊医院感染科住院患者174例,根据侵袭性真菌感染诊断标准,将患者分为排除深部真菌组、确诊组、临床诊断组、拟诊组。应用MB-80微生物动态快速检测系统,检测各组患者血浆(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖水平,分析比较深部真菌感染组和非深部真菌感染组血浆(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖的水平。结果深部真菌感染组血清(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖含量为(153.4±37.0)pg/mL,排除深部真菌感染组血清(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖含量为(54.6±8.6)pg/mL,两组间有统计学差异(t=3.4,P<0.01);分析血浆(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖诊断深部真菌感染,以20 pg/mL为诊断阈值,其准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为70.1%、87.5%、61.9%、52.1%、91.2%。确诊病例、临床诊断病例、拟诊病例,3组间血清(1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖含量无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论深部真菌感染组的葡聚糖水平明显高于排除深部真菌感染组的葡聚糖水平,具有统计学意义。以20 pg/mL为诊断阈值,其准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为70.1%、87.5%、61.9%、52.1%、91.2%,可作为深部真菌感染的最佳诊断阈值。     

Infection with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae may alter the allelopathic potential of red fescue

Red fescue (Festuca rubra) is a perennial grass used as both forage and turfgrass. Asymptomatic plants of this species are systemically infected by the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae, which has a beneficial effect on the infected plants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the endophyte Epichloë festucae on the allelopathic potential of F. rubra against four associated pasture species that are also considered as weeds in lawns, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and Plantago lanceolata. Two experiments were designed to evaluate the allelopathic effect of extracts from the roots and leaves of endophyte‐infected (E+) and non‐infected (E?) plants on the germination and seedling growth of the four target species. Regardless of the endophyte status of the host plant, leaf extracts elicited a stronger reduction in germination and seedling growth than root extracts. Extracts from E+ plants reduced the speed of germination index of Trifolium spp. to a greater extent than those from E? plants. Radicle length of the target species was the parameter most affected by the presence of the endophyte in F. rubra. Root extracts from E+ plants had a greater inhibitory effect on the radicle growth of the target species than did root extracts from E? plants. A greater concentration in total phenolic compounds was found in the roots of E+ plants than of E?; however, this difference was not observed in the leaves. Thus, the allelopathic potential of F. rubra is altered in infected plants.     

包埋法固定化真菌漆酶及其应用研究

采用海藻酸钠包埋法固定真菌漆酶,海藻酸钠和CaCl2的最佳浓度分别为3%和4%,最佳给酶量为30U,最大回收率为48.0%.与游离漆酶相比,固定化漆酶的热稳定性有明显改善,最适反应pH向酸性方向漂移0.5,最适反应温度提高了5℃.使用固定化酶处理低浓度造纸废水,运行8批次后残留酶活为64%.     

Performance deficit of alpha7 nicotinic receptor knockout mice in a delayed matching-to-place task suggests a mild impairment of working/episodic-like memory

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in a range of cognitive functions, particularly working and episodic memory, which are thought to be core features of the disorder. Memory dysfunction in schizophrenia is familial and thus a promising endophenotype for genetic studies. Both human and animal studies suggest a role for the neural nicotinic acid receptor family in cognition and specifically the alpha7-receptor subunit in schizophrenia and its endophenotypes. Consequently, we tested mice lacking the alpha7 subunit of the neural nicotinic receptor (B6.129S7-Chrna7(tm1Bay)/J) in the delayed matching-to-place (DMP) task of the Morris water maze, a measure of working/episodic memory akin to human episodic memory. We report that a minor impairment in alpha7 knockout mice was observed in the DMP task, with knockout mice taking longer to find the hidden platform than their wildtype controls. This suggests a role for the alpha7 subunit in working/episodic memory and a potential role for the alpha7 neural nicotinic receptor gene (CHRNA7) in schizophrenia and its endophenotypes.     

国产伏立康唑治疗侵袭性真菌感染6例临床观察

目的观察国产伏立康唑治疗恶性血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的临床疗效和安全性。方法以国产伏立康唑治疗6例发生于恶性血液病患者的侵袭性真菌感染,观察疗效及不良反应。结果6例患者中,有效4例,其中完全反应3例,部分反应1例。1例用药第6天出现低钾血症。结论国产伏立康唑是治疗恶性血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染的安全有效的药物,     

植物几丁质酶及其在抗真菌病害中的应用

植物几丁质酶的研究是抗真菌基因工程的热点之一。几丁质酶能够水解真菌细胞壁的主要成分几丁质,在植物抗真菌病害反应中发挥重要的作用。介绍了几丁质酶的基本生物学特性、基因的诱导表达,并对植物几丁质酶基因在抗真菌病害基因工程中的应用进行了阐述。     

镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的文献回顾

镰刀菌主要为植物致病菌,但也可引起严重人类感染。镰刀菌病临床表现形式多样,本文主要综述相关的皮肤感染,分为局限性皮肤感染及播散性感染,诊断多较困难。由于该属真菌对抗真菌药物存在天然耐药,播散性镰刀菌病死亡率可达80%-90%。本文对Medline和中文文献数据库中的相关文献进行了系统查阅和分析,综合归纳了镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的致病种、地域分布、危险因子、临床表现形式、药物敏感性及其诊疗方案等,该综述对全面了解镰刀菌病的特征及对临床医师对本病的诊断具有重要的意义。