Injection–Infiltration of Attached Grapefruit with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri to Evaluate Seasonal Population Dynamics in Citrus Canker Lesions

To study population dynamics of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) in citrus canker lesions on fruit, a needle‐free injector was used for infiltration of bacterial inoculum into fruit in situ on mature ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees in Florida. Inoculations of Xcc at 10⁵ colony‐forming units (cfu) per ml were conducted in 2012 and 2013 on attached fruit varying from 15 mm to 90 mm in diameter. Inoculations were repeated every 2–3 weeks until the fruit were no longer injectable. On fruit less than 40 mm in size, erumpent lesions formed within 2 weeks of inoculation and expanded 1–9 mm in diameter from 30 to 120 days postinoculation (dpi). Xcc populations in lesions were 6–8 log cfu per lesion at 30 dpi and maintained this population up to 90 dpi. By 120 dpi, Xcc populations declined 1–3 log units as rainfall and temperature decreased in September–October. Xcc populations declined to ~3 log cfu per lesion after 120 dpi in November 2012 and 2013, whereas the population resurged to 5 log cfu per lesion after 180 dpi in January–February 2014.     

13种竹类植物的果实形态特征

对9属13种竹类植物的果实形态特征进行了观察和描述,并对果实形态指标(包括带稃长、带稃宽、带稃长宽比、去稃长、去稃宽、去稃长宽比以及千粒质量)进行了方差分析和变异系数( CV)分析。结果表明：13种竹类植物果实均为基本型颖果,外带内、外稃,果皮质薄不开裂;外稃顶端多数不具芒;果实多具明显的腹部纵沟槽;稃片颜色多呈灰褐色、黄褐色、棕色、灰色或灰绿色;成熟果实颜色多为棕色、棕黑色、棕红色、黄棕色、灰色、灰褐色、黄褐色、黑褐色或褐色;果实形状基本为椭圆形类、卵圆形类和长圆柱形类。供试13种竹类植物间的果实带稃长、带稃宽、带稃长宽比、去稃长、去稃宽、去稃长宽比以及千粒质量均有极显著差异,并且这7个指标的种间CV值分别为34.60%、28.19%、54.63%、21.22%、27.96%、38.19%和57.38%,但各指标的种内CV值明显小于其种间CV值。综合分析结果显示：果实竹类植物果实外稃顶端是否具芒、稃片颜色、稃片对果实的包裹程度、稃片长度与果实长度的关系、去稃果实形状、成熟果实颜色、腹部纵沟槽是否明显和花柱是否宿存等特征可作为竹类植物属和种分类的参考依据;其中,果实千粒质量、带稃长宽比和去稃长宽比较果实长和宽更适合作为竹类植物种的分类依据。此外,13种竹类植物中,刚竹属( Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.)刚竹组( Sect. Phyllostachys)的毛竹﹝Phyllostachys edulis ( Carr.) J. Houz.﹞、淡竹( P. glauca McClure)和乌哺鸡竹( P. vivax McClure)的果实形态极其相似,均具有较长的宿存花柱,明显异于其他竹类植物的果实,可将此特征作为刚竹属种类的识别特征之一。     

药食两用保健水果冷饭团果实的保鲜研究

该研究以冷饭团果实为材料,用甘油、淀粉、明胶、琼脂、焦亚硫酸钠按不同比例配制成3种保鲜剂处理冷饭团果实,放在平均温度11℃、平均湿度85%的冰箱保鲜层保鲜;用壳聚糖配制成4种不同质量分数浓度的保鲜剂处理冷饭团果实,放在平均温度11℃、平均湿度85%的冰箱保鲜层保鲜;用真空和臭氧装置保鲜处理,放在平均温度15℃、平均湿度40%的屋中,共4种保鲜方法对冷饭团果实进行保鲜处理.通过测定冷饭团果实的失重率、可溶性固形物的含量以及抗坏血酸(Vc)含量的变化来判断各种保鲜的效果,探索出最好的保鲜方法.结果表明:4种保鲜方法均能明显降低冷饭团果实的失重率,延缓可溶性固形物和Vc含量的降低速率;两类保鲜剂中,以甘油3 g、淀粉4 g、明胶1.5 g、琼脂1 g、焦亚硫酸钠1.5 g混合,用蒸馏水配制成500 mL保鲜剂的保鲜效果最好;真空和臭氧对冷饭团果实的保鲜中,真空的保鲜效果比臭氧好.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对苹果叶片耐弱光能力的影响

为了探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对苹果耐弱光性的影响,以‘润太2号’和‘郑优3号’两个品种苹果为材料,设置露天对照(CK)、轻度遮荫(LS)和重度遮荫(SS)3种光照条件,通过根际浇灌法研究了10mg·L~(-1) ALA处理对弱光条件下苹果叶片活性氧代谢与叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,弱光胁迫显著降低了两品种苹果叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增大了超氧阴离子(O_2~(-·))产生速率以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,且‘郑优3号’的活性氧产生速率及MDA含量在弱光下的升高幅度更大;ALA处理显著提高了弱光胁迫下两品种的保护酶活性,降低了活性氧产生速率和MDA含量,并以耐弱光性较差的‘郑优3号’的变化更显著。(2)在弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素b/a升高,而ALA处理使二者进一步显著升高。(3)弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光参数V_J、M_o、DI_o/RC显著升高,而ψ_o、ψE_o、ψR_o、PI_(ABS)、PI_(CS)和PI_(total)显著降低;ALA处理抑制了叶绿素荧光参数在弱光胁迫下的变化,甚至使其达到优于对照的水平。研究表明,弱光条件下苹果的抗氧化能力较差,受到明显的氧化伤害,且‘郑优3号’的耐弱光能力比‘润太2号’差;ALA处理提高了苹果在弱光下的抗氧化能力,降低了弱光对苹果叶片的氧化伤害,同时还提高了弱光条件下苹果叶片捕捉、传递和转化光能的效率,改善了光合电子传递情况,增大了苹果叶片在弱光胁迫下的光能利用效率,改善了光合性能;根灌ALA可以明显提高苹果的耐弱光性。     

Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil reduces oxidative stress in human skin explants caused by hydrogen peroxide

We investigated the efficacy of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil (PLFO) for protecting human skin from damage due to oxidative stress. PLFO contains natural antioxidants including polyphenols, sterols and tocopherols. We compared the antioxidant potential of PLFO with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Explants of healthy adult human skin were grown in culture with either PLFO or EVOO before adding hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). We also used cultured skin explants to investigate the effects of PLFO on lipid oxidation and depletion of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) one day after 2 h exposure to H₂O₂. We found that PLFO scavenged radicals and protected skin against oxidative injury. PLFO exhibited greater antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity than EVOO. Skin explants treated with PLFO inhibited H₂O₂ induced MDA formation by inhibition of lipid oxidation. In addition, the oil inhibited H₂O₂ induced depletion of antioxidant defense enzymes including GPx, SOD and CAT. We found that treatment with PLFO repaired skin damage owing to its antioxidant properties.     

独行菜族8属(十字花科)植物果实及种子微形态研究

采用GMA(Glycol methacrylate,乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯)半薄切片法,利用比较解剖学对独行菜族中代表植物8属25种果实及种子微形态结构进行观察分析。同时,以菥蓂属菥蓂为例详细介绍了假隔膜的形成过程。结果显示独行菜族果实及种子微形态特征明显,果实均为短角果,除厚壁荠属和沙芥属果实为背腹压扁外,其他属种均为两侧压扁;果实边缘有翅为独行菜族的典型特征,可分为周翅、微翅、宽翅及披针形翅;部分果皮细胞有纤维层,偶有木化,除菘蓝属、厚壁荠属、沙芥属无假隔膜结构外,其他属种均具有明显的假隔膜。种子大小为(0.8~10)mm×(0.5~2.8)mm,种皮纹饰丰富,遇水或潮湿环境可形成粘液种子。种皮通常由薄壁细胞构成,偶有木化,具内含物;除高河菜属和菥蓂属子叶与胚根的排列方式为子叶缘倚,其他属种均为子叶背倚。假隔膜为内果皮细胞向内延伸连接而成。本文完善了独行菜族果实及种子微形态结构信息,为分子系统学等其他相关研究提供基础资料。