增温对青藏高原高寒草甸呼吸作用的影响

生态系统呼吸(ER)和土壤呼吸(SR)是草地生态系统碳排放的关键环节,其对气候变化极为敏感。高寒草甸是青藏高原典型的草地生态系统,其呼吸作用对气候变化的响应对区域碳排放具有重要的影响。以高寒草甸生态系统为对象,于2012—2016年采用模拟增温的方法研究呼吸作用对增温的响应。结果表明:增温对高寒草甸ER的影响存在年际差异,2013年和2014年增温对ER无显著影响,其他年份显著增加ER(P<0.05),综合5年结果,平均增幅达22.3%。增温显著促进了高寒草甸SR(P<0.05),较对照处理5年平均增幅高达67.1%;增温总体上提高了SR在ER中的比例(P<0.05),最高增幅达到59.9%。ER和SR与土壤温度有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤水分没有显著的相关关系(P>0.05)。对照样地中,土壤温度分别能解释33.0%和18.5%的ER和SR变化。在增温条件下,土壤温度可以解释20.5%和13.0%的ER和SR变化。在增温条件下,SR的温度敏感性显著增加,而ER的温度敏感性变化较小,导致SR的比重进一步增加。因此,在未来气候变暖条件下,青藏高...     

Nitrogen and harvest effects on soil properties under rainfed switchgrass and no‐till corn over 9 years: implications for soil quality

Nitrogen fertilizer and harvest management will alter soils under bioenergy crop production and the long‐term effects of harvest timing and residue removal remain relatively unknown. Compared to no‐tilled corn (NT‐C, Zea mays L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is predicted to improve soil properties [i.e. soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass (SMB‐C), and soil aggregation] due to its perennial nature and deep‐rooted growth form, but few explicit field comparisons exist. We assessed soil properties over 9 years for a rainfed study of N fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^?1) and harvest management on switchgrass (harvested in August and postfrost) and NT‐C (with and without 50% stover removal) in eastern NE. We measured SOC, aggregate stability, SMB‐C, bulk density (BD), pH, P and K in the top 0–30 cm. Both NT‐C and switchgrass increased SMB‐C, SOC content, and aggregate stability over the 9 years, reflecting improvement from previous conventional management. However, the soils under switchgrass had double the percent aggregate stability, 1.3 times more microbial biomass, and a 5–8% decrease in bulk density in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths compared to NT‐C. After 9 years, cumulative decrease in available P was significantly greater beneath NT‐C (?24.0 kg P ha^?1) compared to switchgrass (?5.4 kg P ha^?1). When all measured soil parameters were included in the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), switchgrass improved soil quality index over time (ΔSQI) in all depths. NT‐C without residue removal did not affect ΔSQI, but 50% residue removal decreased ΔSQI (0–30 cm) due to reduced aggregate stability and SMB‐C. Even with best‐management practices such as NT, corn stover removal will have to be carefully managed to prevent soil degradation. Long‐term N and harvest management studies that include biological, chemical, and physical soil measurements are necessary to accurately assess bioenergy impacts on soils.     

嵊县几种主要土壤硒的状况及有效度评价

测定了嵊县６种主要类型土壤剖面的全硒,有效硒,粘粒组分中的硒以及表土的有机态硒,土壤全硒变化在６５－８９８μｇ／ｋｇ。有机态硒为８－１４３μｇ／ｋｇ,约占全硒１３－２７％,有效硒（Ｏｌｓｅｎ法浸提）２９－１５３μｇ／ｋｇ,占全硒２１－５２％。粘粒中硒含量一般比相应土壤高１．１５－１０．０９倍,影响土壤中硒含量,剖了母质,景观和生物等因素的深刻影响。     

基于GIS的缓坡烟田土壤养分空间变异研究

综合运用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,分析了缓坡地形下土壤养分的空间变异规律,并绘制养分空间分布图,为山地缓坡烟田养分分区及精准施肥决策提供理论依据.结果表明:研究区内4种养分含量均具中等程度变异.土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的变程分别为61.8、76.3、70.5 m和57 m.土壤速效钾的分形维数最高,有机质和碱解氮其次,速效磷最低.有机质和速效钾的最适模型为指数模型,块金系数分别为30.9％和31.1％;碱解氮和速效磷可用球状模型进行较好拟合,其块金系数分别为37.7％和26.4％,4种养分均有中等程度的空间相关性.各向异性和趋势性分析均显示,有机质和速效磷具有较强的各向异性,碱解氮和速效钾的各向同性范围最广.研究区4种养分的空间分布格局在海拔和坡度的影响下呈现出一定的规律性,低值均在坡度较大的中北部出现,东北部和南部较平缓区域出现高值.     

西南旱地油菜田土壤水分和作物光合特征对覆盖材料和垄沟比的响应

为了应对西南地区频发的季节性干旱,提高旱作农田水分利用效率和作物光能利用效率,设置大田试验,研究不同覆盖材料(普通白膜、普通黑膜、生物降解膜和不覆膜)和不同垄沟比(40 cm∶40 cm和40 cm∶80 cm)对土壤贮水量和油菜光合特性、荧光参数、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)的影响。结果表明:油菜生育期不同覆盖材料下的土壤贮水量为:普通黑膜垄作(BR)≈普通白膜垄作(WR)≈生物降解膜垄作(BDR)>不覆膜垄作(NR)>平作(FP);在同一覆盖材料下,垄沟比对土壤贮水量无显著影响。与平作相比,垄沟集雨处理的净光合速率、气孔导度、最大荧光、可变荧光、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量、PSⅡ潜在活性、光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数均有所提高;与平作相比,WR、BR、BDR和NR处理的SPAD值分别提高6.1%、8.6%、8.5%和3.6%,瞬时水分利用效率分别提高18.3%、11.4%、16.3%和10.4%。相比于平作,BR、WR和BDR处理可显著增加油菜产量,NR处理增产不显著,普通黑膜垄作+垄沟比40 cm∶40 cm处理的经济效益最高。可见,垄沟集雨种植可以改善西南旱地油菜田...     

Low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids in soil solutions under different vegetations determined by capillary zone electrophoresis

Concentrations of low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids in soil solution were determined by a newly developed capillary zone electrophoresis method. Soil solution samples were collected by centrifugation of soil from the A horizon of a Danish, homogeneous, nutrient-rich Hapludalf in adjacent forested and arable plots. The forested plots of 0.5 ha were 33-year old stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), oak (Quercus robur L.), grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), while sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the agricultural crops this year. High variability in soil solution concentrations of metal cations (Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na), monocarboxylic acids (formic, acetic, lactic, and valeric acids), and di- and tricarboxylic acids (oxalic, malic, succinic, and citric acids) were found within each plot. Despite this short-range within-plot variability, higher concentrations of di- and tricarboxylic acids were found in the forested soils than in the arable soils. The vegetation seemed to favour some monocarboxylic acids, but the total monocarboxylic acid concentrations showed little relation to the vegetation. Probably due to much less soil water in the Norway spruce plot, the low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acid concentrations in the samples from that plot were much higher than those found in samples from the other plots. Carbon in low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids only accounts for a few percent of dissolved organic carbon, and no general relation was found between carbon in low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids and dissolved organic carbon, although the correlation between carbon in di- and tricarboxylic acids and dissolved organic carbon was significant. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同林龄油茶人工林土壤酶化学计量及其影响因素

土壤酶化学计量比是揭示微生物生长代谢过程及评价土壤养分资源限制状况的重要指标。油茶是中国南方主要的木本油料作物,近年来愈来愈受关注,但鲜有从生态化学计量学的角度深入理解人工经济林的土壤微生物养分限制状况。本文以亚热带地区不同林龄油茶人工林土壤为研究对象,采用时空互代法在区域尺度上随机选取32个不同林龄油茶人工林并将其分为四个林龄组(9年幼龄林;9—20年近熟林;21—60年成熟林; 60年过熟林),通过测定土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)转化酶活性(β-葡糖苷酶(BG)、α-纤维素酶(CBH)、β-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP))及土壤理化因子,探讨不同林龄油茶人工林土壤C、N、P转化酶化学计量特征及其与土壤理化因子的关系。结果表明:五种C、N、P转化酶活性均有随林龄增大而增加的趋势,且AP活性显著高于其它四种酶活性。相关分析结果表明,五种土壤C、N、P转化酶活性均与土壤有机碳和总氮显著相关,与土壤总磷和速效磷含量不相关。土壤酶化学计量比ln(CBH+BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP)、ln(CBH+BG)∶ln(AP)和ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)均随林龄增大而一定程度增加。亚热带区油茶人工林土壤酶C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.5,这与全球生态系统土壤酶C∶N∶P化学计量比1∶1∶1相偏离,表明亚热带地区油茶人工林土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤酶活性和酶化学计量比的主要因子。因此,在油茶人工林经营管理中应考虑磷和外源碳的投入,提高土壤微生物酶活性,缓解油茶人工林生态系统的磷限制。研究结果可为亚热带区油茶人工林土壤养分管理和可持续利用提供基础理论支撑。     

贡嘎山树线过渡带土壤有机碳矿化和温度敏感性

树线过渡带作为高山地区重要的生态过渡带之一,是响应温度变化的敏感区域。树线过渡带内土壤碳储量丰富,其碳周转在全球碳循环方面扮演着重要角色。探究树线过渡带土壤有机碳矿化及其温度敏感性,对于预测气候变化背景下高山地区土壤碳循环过程具有重要的指导意义。为此以青藏高原东南部贡嘎山树线过渡带(森林、树线、灌丛)的土壤为对象,在室内开展90 d不同温度(15℃和20℃)的培养实验,测定土壤有机碳矿化速率,计算单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量、温度敏感性,并分析影响它们的相关因素。结果表明：土壤有机碳矿化速率受温度和样地类型的显著影响。升温显著增加土壤有机碳矿化速率,而不同样地类型间矿化速率差异显著,矿化速率大小表现为森林>树线>灌丛。本研究用单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量表征土壤有机碳的稳定性,经90 d的培养,15℃下树线过渡带从森林、树线到灌丛单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别为12.33 mg/g、12.99 mg/g和10.53 mg/g, 20℃下则分别为19.16 mg/g、21.14 mg/g和16.26 mg/g,灌丛土壤单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量显著低于森林和树线土壤,这表明灌丛土壤具备更...     

黄土高原子午岭油松林的种子雨和土壤种子库动态

对黄土高原区子午岭不同林龄(18a、29a、40a、54a)油松(Pinus tabulaeformis carr.)人工林及天然林(约75a)的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究.结果表明,该区油松种子雨一般从每年9月初开始,一直到11月底结束,种子雨降落历程与林龄大小有关,种子雨发生时间和降落高峰期有所不同.不同林龄的油松种子雨强度不同,种子雨总量大小顺序为:40a人工林((489 9±8.64)粒· m-2)＞29a人工林((346.8±7.45)粒· m-2)＞54a人工林((327.1±8.13)粒· m-2)＞天然林((146.9±5.25)粒· m-2)＞18a人工林((78.1±2.72)粒· m-2).种子雨总量随林龄的增加而增加,约40a时达到高峰,种子雨活力也以40a时最高.不同林龄油松林土壤种子库存在显著差异,其中18a人工林种子库最小,40a人工林种子库最大.从种子雨降落到次年4月,5种林分土壤种子库总量下降了42.34%～53.59%,空粒种子增加了26.72%～48.69%;从4月到8月份种子腐烂率由10.28%～13 62%增加到57.25%～63.28%.动物的搬运、取食和种子腐烂死亡是种子库损耗的主要因素.土壤种子库中的油松种子主要集中在枯枝落叶层,其次为0～2cm层,2～10cm层种子最少.到8月中旬,土壤中98.26%的油松种子都已丧失活性.不同林分下油松幼苗的密度差异较大,40a人工林下幼苗最多,其余依次为29a人工林、54a人工林和天然林,18a人工林下的实生苗极少,幼苗死亡率极高.在一定龄级范围内,人工林结实能力和更新潜力随林龄增加而增加,40a时更新潜力最大.虽然有大量种子下落,但由于种子大量损耗和幼苗死亡,通过环境筛作用而最终可以成熟的个体数量十分有限.