黄河三角洲滨海湿地潮沟分布与植被覆盖度的关系

基于黄河三角洲滨海湿地2005、2010与2017年3个时期的Landsat TM/OLI影像,利用遥感和地理信息技术,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地的潮沟与植被覆盖度的分布格局与动态变化进行了分析,并运用网格搜索法,对研究区的潮沟与植被覆盖度进行相关分析。结果表明:(1) 2005—2017年黄河三角洲滨海湿地植被覆盖度不断提高,低植被覆盖度的面积减少了233.73 km2,高植被覆盖度的面积增加了165.85 km2;(2) 2005—2017年黄河三角洲滨海湿地的潮沟长度和面积不断增加,频数也在增加,其中2017年滨海湿地东南部的潮沟长度达到216.13 km,面积为22.23 km2,长度和面积分别比2005年增加了36.91%和49%;(3) 2005—2017年黄河三角洲潮沟分布与植被覆盖度呈负相关,其中2010年、2017年的潮沟与植被覆盖度呈显著相关(P<0.05),这说明黄河三角洲的潮沟的空间分布与区域植被的长势密切相关。     

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION,SPECIES CONCEPTS,AND CLASSIFICATION OF AN UNUSUAL FOSSIL CENTRIC DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYTA) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA1

The classification system of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) is based almost entirely on the organization and structure of their silica cell walls. We have discovered Miocene freshwater fossils that contain valves of two different orders within the same organism. Within frustules of the genus Ellerbeckia Crawford, a genus of the order Melosirales, are contained frustules of the genus Actinocyclus Ehrenberg, a member of the Coscinodiscales. Based on the abundance of each morphotype, they appear to be able to reproduce themselves. The ability of a single diatom taxon to express this degree of morphological variability is unprecedented. These results suggest species concepts in diatoms may be in need of review and challenge the basis of the classification system for this widely distributed and ecologically important group of organisms.     

Effects of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod on growth and pigment content in some freshwater red algae in culture

The responses of relative growth rate (% day‐1) and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) to temperature, irradiance and photoperiod were analyzed in culture in seven freshwater red algae: Audouinella hermannii (Roth) Duby, Audouinella pygmaea (Kützing) Weber‐van Bosse, Batrachospermum ambiguum Montagne, Batrachospermum delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle,‘Chantransia’ stages of B. delicatulum and Batrachospermum macrosporum Montagne and Compsopogon coeruleus (C. Agardh) Montagne. Experimental conditions included temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C and low and high irradiances (65 and 300 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1, respectively). Long and short day lengths (16:8 and 8:16 LD cycles) were also applied at the two irradiances. Growth effects of temperature and irradiance were evident in most algae tested, and there were significant interactions among treatments. Most freshwater red algae had the best growth under low irradiance, confirming the preference of freshwater red algae for low light regimens. In general there was highest growth rate in long days and low irradiance. Growth optima in relation to temperature were species‐specific and also varied between low and high irradiances for the same alga. The most significant differences in pigment content were related to temperature, whereas few significant differences could be attributed to variation in irradiance and photoperiod or interactions among the three parameters. The responses were species‐specific and also differed for pigments in distinct temperatures, irradiances and photoperiods in the same alga. Phycocyanin was generally more concentrated than phycoerythrin and phycobiliproteins were more concentrated than chlorophyll a. The highest total pigment contents were found in two species typical of shaded habitats: A. hermannii and C. coeruleus. The expected inverse relationship of pigment with irradiance was observed only in C. coeruleus. In general, the most favorable conditions for growth were not coincident with those with highest pigment contents.     

扎龙芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量

为研究高寒地区天然淡水芦苇湿地的甲烷排放特征,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了扎龙不同水位芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量.结果表明:观测期内,扎龙芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量平均为7.67 mg·m^-2·h^-1（-21.18～46.15 mg·m^-2·h^-1）,其中深水区(平均水深100 cm)和浅水区(平均水深25 cm)的平均甲烷排放通量分别为5.81和9.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,排放峰值分别出现在8月和7月,最低值均出现在10月.深水区夏季(6-7月)的甲烷排放通量显著低于浅水区,而春(5月)、秋(8-10月)季节显著高于浅水区.生长季甲烷排放通量的变化为夏季>秋季>春季;昼夜排放量为12:00和14:00最高,0:00最低.温度和水位是高寒地区淡水芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量变化的主要影响因子.     

Dry-season spawning in a cyprinid fish of southern India

Synopsis A population of the S. Indian cyprinid fishBarbus melanampyx was sampled monthly through 24 months. Seasonal cycles of the gonado-somatic index (GSI), ovarian stages, male breeding tubercles, spawning behaviour and population structure were assessed. These fish breed strictly seasonally during the main dry period: December/January through April. Comparison with other Barbus species of the same general region led to the conclusion that the patterns of reproductive investment ofB. melanampyx are similar to those of perennial species, and different from those of wet-season spawners. The reasons for this rather unexpected result were found in the more constant conditions prevailing during a dry season as compared to the monsoon. It was argued thatB. melanampyx and the species spawning perennially are in effect small-brood spawners, rather than partial spawners.     

Does saltwater flushing reduce viability of diapausing eggs in ship ballast sediment?

Flushing of ballast tanks with seawater has been proposed to reduce the risk of invasion associated with residual ballast in 'no ballast on board' ships. The efficacy of this procedure, however, has not been determined. Using diapausing eggs isolated from ballast sediments — as well as from Lake Erie sediment — this study investigated the impact of salinity (0, 8 and 35‰) and temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) on the cumulative abundance and species richness of hatched zooplankton taxa. The rate and amount of hatching varied dramatically between sediments and across salinity–temperature regimes. Although exposure to saline water inhibited emergence of freshwater taxa during the exposure phase of all trials, mixed results were evident after diapausing eggs were returned to freshwater. The efficacy of salinity as a ballast treatment method was temperature dependent, although the direction of the effect was case-specific. Exposure of eggs to saline water was less effective at 10 and 30 °C than at 20 °C. Although flushing ballast tanks with open ocean water is expected to significantly reduce the number of active invertebrates living in residual ballast water (a potentially larger source of invaders), our results indicate that the most effective treatment conditions for reduction of diapausing egg viability is 8‰ salinity at 20 °C.     

Sleeping with the enemy: introgressive hybridization in two invasive centrarchids

Introgressive hybridization between Micropterus dolomieu and Micropterus salmoides was assessed in their invaded South African range using nine microsatellite markers and two mtDNA gene regions. Although M. dolomieu and M. salmoides are distantly related, indicated by the large uncorrected pairwise distances observed between the two species, mitochondrial introgression and unidirectional admixture was detected.     

Human health risks of metals and metalloids in muscle tissue of Synodontis zambezensis Peters, 1852 from Flag Boshielo Dam,South Africa

Muscle tissue from 63 Synodontis zambezensis collected bimonthly in 2013 at Flag Boshielo Dam were analysed for metals and metalloids in a desktop human health risk assessment. The Hazard Quotient, based on a weekly meal of 67 g of fish muscle, exceeded the maximum acceptable level of one for lead, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and selenium. The concentrations of these elements were higher in 2013 than those recorded in 2009 and 2012 in other fish species from Flag Boshielo Dam and these may pose a long-term health risk if consumed regularly by impoverished rural communities reliant on fish as a source of protein.     

盐渍化条件下土壤团聚体及其有机碳研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,对改善土壤结构和增加土壤固碳具有重要作用.盐渍化导致的特殊土壤性质,如高盐分离子(主要为Na+)浓度、低有机质含量和较差的微生物条件等因素,对团聚体的形成和稳定产生障碍作用,因此探讨盐渍化土壤团聚体特征更具有重要性和特殊性.滨海湿地和内陆盐渍化沼泽湿地是盐渍化生态系统的重要组成部分.本文...