泰山丹参生物学特性及其人工繁育技术探讨

泰山丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)天然野生在泰山中天门以上.为解决野生丹参货源少,价格偏高,而目前市场对其需求量逐年增大的实际矛盾,大力开发和充分利用这一珍贵植物资源,笔者针对泰山丹参的生物学特点进行了人工繁育技术探讨,并对如何提高产量和质量做了细致分析.     

蛙皮抗菌肽促胰岛素分泌功能研究进展

随着对蛙皮抗菌肽功能研究的不断深入,陆续发现部分肽具有促胰岛素分泌活性,该活性对于2型糖尿病治疗具有较好的应用前景。蛙皮抗菌肽即可以通过克服注射胰岛素产生的低血糖反应,又能改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的问题,这使其有希望成为安全、高效治疗2型糖尿病药物的新药物。本文综述了具有促胰岛素分泌功能的蛙皮抗菌肽的序列特征和工作机制的研究进展,为进一步开展相关研究提供参考。     

遗传算法支持下土地利用空间分形特征尺度域的识别

针对土地利用空间分形特征只存在于有限尺度域的现象,采用无标度区内离散点拟合的离差平方和平均值最小作为目标函数,提出了一种基于遗传算法的土地利用空间分形特征尺度域的识别方法,用于准确计算分形维数的有效区间范围。以武汉市武昌区水域空间分形特征为例,利用Quickbird多光谱遥感影像提取土地利用空间信息,重点讨论了基于遗传算法识别土地利用空间分形特征尺度域范围的总体思路、适应度函数和遗传算子等环节;然后分别从测定系数、标准差和无标度区间3个角度,将其同人工判断法、相关系数法以及强化系数法进行对比讨论;并结合研究区域实际的水域空间分布格局,分析不同方法计算所得半径维数的合理性。结果表明,土地利用分形特征尺度域的范围对分形维数计算结果有较大影响;相对于传统计算方法来说,遗传算法在尺度无标度区间识别上具有更高的精度,可以为土地利用空间格局分形特征的研究提供客观指导意见。     

浙江天台山落叶阔叶林特征研究

天台山次生落叶阔叶林植物种类丰富 ,科属组成分散。区系成分复杂 ,从属的地理成分来看 ,温带、亚热带分布的类型居多。群落的生活型高位芽植物最多 ,地面芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落各样地间的相似系数除沟谷 3样地有较高的相似性外 ,其余各样地的相似系数均较低。群落物种多样性指数较高 ,各样地间多样性指数测值变幅较大。群落垂直结构复杂 ,地上成层明显。样地内多数优势种群的年龄结构为衰退型 ,群落的种类组成不稳定。乔木层中多数优势种群的分布格局呈随机分布或均匀分布 ,部分呈集群分布。     

Improving taxonomy-based protein fold recognition by using global and local features

Fold recognition from amino acid sequences plays an important role in identifying protein structures and functions. The taxonomy-based method, which classifies a query protein into one of the known folds, has been shown very promising for protein fold recognition. However, extracting a set of highly discriminative features from amino acid sequences remains a challenging problem. To address this problem, we developed a new taxonomy-based protein fold recognition method called TAXFOLD. It extensively exploits the sequence evolution information from PSI-BLAST profiles and the secondary structure information from PSIPRED profiles. A comprehensive set of 137 features is constructed, which allows for the depiction of both global and local characteristics of PSI-BLAST and PSIPRED profiles. We tested TAXFOLD on four datasets and compared it with several major existing taxonomic methods for fold recognition. Its recognition accuracies range from 79.6 to 90% for 27, 95, and 194 folds, achieving an average 6.9% improvement over the best available taxonomic method. Further test on the Lindahl benchmark dataset shows that TAXFOLD is comparable with the best conventional template-based threading method at the SCOP fold level. These experimental results demonstrate that the proposed set of features is highly beneficial to protein fold recognition.     

宁夏荒漠草原沙漠化过程中土壤粒径分形特征

研究宁夏荒漠草原沙漠化过程中土壤性状、土壤粒径分形维数的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系.结果表明: 草地沙漠化对土壤分形维数(D)影响显著,D值为1.69～2.62.除在10～20 cm土层出现较小波动外,随着沙漠化程度加剧,0～30 cm土层D值整体呈减小趋势.在荒漠草原沙漠化过程中,荒漠草地D值最大,黏粒和粉粒体积百分含量最高,极细砂粒和细砂粒体积百分含量最低;流动沙地D值最小,黏粒和粉粒体积百分含量最小,极细砂粒和细砂粒体积百分含量最高.D与<50 μm和>50 μm粒径的土壤颗粒存在显著正相关和负相关,表明50 μm粒径是决定草地沙漠化过程中土壤分形维数与土壤粒径关系的临界粒径.随着荒漠草原沙漠化加剧,土壤有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,土壤容重逐渐升高,固定沙地至半固定沙地是荒漠草原沙漠化的质变过程,其中土壤粘粒体积百分含量、粉粒体积百分含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量骤减,极细砂粒体积百分含量、细砂粒体积百分含量和土壤容重骤增.分形维数与土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤容重显著相关,固定沙地与半固定沙地分形维数的临界值为2.58,因此分形维数2.58可作为荒漠草原沙漠化的退化指标.     

尕海湿地不同密度条件下垂穗披碱草根系分形结构

根系分形结构影响根系的分布格局,是植物根系与胁迫生境相互适应的结果。采用全根挖掘和Win-RHIZO根系分析仪相结合的方法,按照垂穗披碱草种群密度设置Ⅰ(500—700株/m~2)、Ⅱ(300—500株/m~2)、Ⅲ(100—300株/m~2)3个密度梯度,研究了尕海湿地不同密度条件下垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)的根系分形结构。结果表明:随着垂穗披碱草种群密度的降低,湿地群落的高度、盖度、地上生物量及根系分形维数呈逐渐减小趋势,地下生物量与分形丰度逐渐增大;垂穗披碱草根系分形维数与分形丰度在高密度(Ⅰ)样地和低密度(Ⅲ)样地均呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),在中密度(Ⅱ)样地呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),垂穗披碱草根系分形维数和分形丰度存在着"此消彼长"的权衡关系。在高密度湿地群落垂穗披碱草倾向于密集型根系构型构建模式,在低密度湿地群落选择扩散型的根系生长模式,体现了密度制约下高寒湿地植物种群应对资源多重竞争的生态适应机制。     

浙江天台山甜槠群落研究

以分布以浙江省天台山的甜槠群落为对象,分析了群落的特征和性质。甜槠群落中,甜槠的优势突出,呈单优势群落。群落垂直结构复杂,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层,变有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层的物种多样性指数偏低,这与特定生境所形成的单优势群落有关。各样地间的植物种类具有较高的相似性,群落内种类组成相对一致。群落内优势种群甜槠、木荷的年龄结构属稳定型或增长型,它们在各样地的分布格局均呈集群分布。     

农牧交错区草地利用方式导致的土壤颗粒组分变化及其对土壤碳氮含量的影响

 以位于农牧交错带的内蒙古多伦县6种主要草地利用方式为研究对象,对0～ 30 cm土层的土壤颗粒组分、植物地下根系生物量、土壤有机碳 （Soil organic carbon, SOC）和土壤全氮（Total nitrogen, TN）含量进行了测定分析。6种草地利用方式分别为自由放牧、刈割、围封禁牧 、弃耕、人工牧草（紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa））和青储作物玉米(Zea mays)）栽培。对土壤粒径分布的分维分析表明,自由放牧样地的土 壤分维数明显低于其余5种类型的草地利用样地,表现出较大的土壤质地异质性。在土壤颗粒组分方面,弃耕样地和人工牧草样地的土壤粘粒（ <0.005 mm）和粉粒(0.005～0.05 mm)含量要明显高于其它草地利用方式,而自由放牧样地呈现相反的变异趋势。除人工牧草样地和自由放牧样 地之外,代表其余4种类型草地利用方式的样地的粘、粉粒含量均随土层加深而降低。6种草地利用方式中,土壤砂粒(0.05～1 mm)含量均与土 壤碳氮含量呈负相关关系;除自由放牧样地和人工牧草样地外,其余4种草地利用方式的土壤粘粒与土壤碳氮含量均表现为显著正相关;植物根 系生物量与土壤碳氮含量和粘、粉粒含量均呈显著正相关;地上生物量和凋落物仅与粘粒含量存在显著正相关关系。以上差异说明草地利用变 化有可能通过影响植被而改变土壤物理性状,同时土壤碳氮含量和土壤颗粒组分的分布特征以及它们之间的相关关系受土地利用方式的影响较 大。根系生物量和土壤粘粒含量可以共同解释土壤碳氮含量变异的70%,自变量的独立解释量约为20%。回归方程为：SOC = 1.08×［粘粒含量 ］+0.01×［根系生物量］-19.45,TN=0.079 ×［粘粒含量］+0.001×［根系生物量］-1.143。     

Spatial leaf distribution and self-thinning exponent of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pinus banksiana</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Populus tremuloides</Emphasis>

A hypothesis that the pattern of spatial leaf distribution in forest canopies is numerically related to the exponent of the self-thinning relationship in even-aged monocultures was tested by evaluating the crown fractal dimension of Pinus banksiana (jack pine) and Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Pure species stands that were considered the most dense for a given mean tree size were measured to establish the empirical self-thinning relationships. The value of the self-thinning exponent was estimated as –1.42 with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (–1.47, –1.36) for Pinus banksiana, and –1.29 with 95% CI (–1.45, –1.14) for Populus tremuloides. For each species the box dimension of spatial leaf distribution was estimated from unit cylinders described by sequentially lowering in forest canopies, horizontal flaps of one of various diameters attached to the top of a height-measuring pole. The box dimension appeared as 1.95 (1.84, 2.06) for Pinus banksiana, and 2.24 (2.05, 2.43) for Populus tremuloides. By assuming that the box dimension is equivalent to the fractal dimension at the inter-population level, the self-thinning exponent was predicted to be –1.53 (–1.62, –1.45) for Pinus banksiana, and –1.33 (–1.45, –1.23) for Populus tremuloides. The empirical exponent was equivalent to that predicted from the box fractal dimension, as judged by the 95% CI of the dimensions. We conclude that spatial patterns of leaf distribution in forest canopies, as being characterized by the box fractal dimension, are closely related to the value of the self-thinning exponent in the dense monocultures of the species we examined.