大针茅草原蝗虫的群落结构和能流研究

大针茅草原蝗虫的常见种类有１１种,其中７种属蝗亚科。毛足棒角蝗短星翅蝗和鼓翅皱膝蝗狭翅雏蝗分别构成蝗虫早、中、晚期的优势种类蝗虫九落的物 丰富度及多样性指数在蝗虫的性中期较高。蝗虫的次级生产力为５．１８ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ,是地上净初级生产国物０．１８％。通过整个蝗虫群落的能流为１６．８４ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ不同的蝗虫各 在生态秕有流中具有不同的贡献;其中毛尼中棒角蝗天整个蝗虫 能流中直着十分重要的作用,     

不同时期羊草群落光合速率与环境条件之间的关系模型

利用１９８１－１９８５年间,内蒙古典型草原羊草群落光合速率和环境因子观测资料,按４个不同时期进行逐步多元回归,得到４个回归方程如下：１．６月上中旬植物生长初期,群落光合主要与光照强度和温度有关。其回归方程是ｙ＝－０．６８３＋０．４４４ｘ１－０．０３９１ｘ＋０．０７４２ｘ３－０．００１６４ｘ＾２３（式中ｙ为羊草群我合速率ｇＣｏ２／ｍ＾７２．ｈ,ｘ１是光照强度１０ｋｌｘ,ｘ３为空气温度Ｃ）。方程的复相     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复过程研究

保护与恢复生境是有效保护大熊猫的重要途径,通过样方调查法研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａ　ｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）恢复生境的群落结构特征,共调查了原始生境、２０世纪２０一３０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、４０一５０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、７０年代以后自然恢复生境以及６０一７０年代人工林等５个生境类型,２１个样方。研究结果表明：各生境类型的物种丰富度、物种多样性、植株数（高度＞５ｍ）、乔木层的平均胸径和最大平均胸径,以及大熊猫的生境成熟度都存在显著差异,竹子的生物量及更新能力也有一定差异。人工林与原始生境的群落相似性低于其他自然恢复生境与原始生境的群落相似性。研究发现,大熊猫生境恢复包括大熊猫可食竹类资源的恢复以及生境群落结构的恢复。可食竹类资源恢复所需时间相对较短,仅需约２０一３０ａ;生境的植物群落结构的恢复则要长的多,一般恢复时间５０ａ左右才能成为大熊猫的适宜生境,恢复时间为７０一８０ａ的生境与原始生境的群落结构已十分接近。通过人工造林恢复生境,无论从竹子资源的恢复,还是从植物群落结构的恢复方面,均不是一种有效地恢复大熊猫生境的方式。     

河口盐沼植物对大型底栖动物群落的影响

通过对长江口崇明东滩盐沼海三棱燕草带大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了不同盐沼底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特征,分析了盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现。（1）沿着河口盐沼海拔梯度,从低位盐沼到高位盐沼,底栖动物群落结构及多样性具有明显的梯度变化;（2）盐沼植被与底栖动物群落有密切的关系,尤其是植株高度,地下部分生物量与底栖动物密度,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,物种丰度的相关性最显著。（3）盐沼植被影响底栖动物群落,是由于植物的地下部分和地下部分结构导致盐沼生境结构复杂,增加了沉积物表层环境的结构异质性,使生境多样化,给底栖动物提供大量生活空间,（4）不同盐沼带海三陵蔗草群落的差异,提供了盐沼表层地貌的变化,这种变化及植物结构的复杂化,在这一些动物提供拓殖地的同时,也为底栖动物躲避捕食者提供了避护所;（5）盐沼植被可以改变口潮滩生境中的沉积环境,并通过消浪、缓流及调节有机质的输入动态和沉积作用而影响底栖动物群落的组成和结构。     

Can size distributions of European lake fish communities be predicted by trophic positions of their fish species?

An organism''s body size plays an important role in ecological interactions such as predator–prey relationships. As predators are typically larger than their prey, this often leads to a strong positive relationship between body size and trophic position in aquatic ecosystems. The distribution of body sizes in a community can thus be an indicator of the strengths of predator–prey interactions. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the relationship between fish body size distribution and trophic position in a wide range of European lakes. We used quantile regression to examine the relationship between fish species'' trophic position and their log‐transformed maximum body mass for 48 fish species found in 235 European lakes. Subsequently, we examined whether the slopes of the continuous community size distributions, estimated by maximum likelihood, were predicted by trophic position, predator–prey mass ratio (PPMR), or abundance (number per unit effort) of fish communities in these lakes. We found a positive linear relationship between species'' maximum body mass and average trophic position in fishes only for the 75% quantile, contrasting our expectation that species'' trophic position systematically increases with maximum body mass for fish species in European lakes. Consequently, the size spectrum slope was not related to the average community trophic position, but there were negative effects of community PPMR and total fish abundance on the size spectrum slope. We conclude that predator–prey interactions likely do not contribute strongly to shaping community size distributions in these lakes.     

Environmental filtering rather than dispersal limitation dominated plant community assembly in the Zoige Plateau

Identifying the mechanisms that underlie the assembly of plant communities is critical to the conservation of terrestrial biodiversity. However, it is seldom measured or quantified how much deterministic versus stochastic processes contribute to community assembly in alpine meadows. Here, we measured the decay in community similarity with spatial and environmental distance in the Zoige Plateau. Furthermore, we used redundancy analysis (RDA) to divide the variations in the relative abundance of plant families into four components to assess the effects of environmental and spatial. Species assemblage similarity liner declined with geographical distance (p < .001, R ² = .6388), and it decreased significantly with increasing distance of total phosphorus (TP), alkali‐hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁺–N), and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺–N). Environmental and spatial variables jointly explained a large proportion (55.2%) of the variation in the relative abundance of plant families. Environmental variables accounted for 13.1% of the total variation, whereas spatial variables accounted for 11.4%, perhaps due to the pronounced abiotic gradients in the alpine areas. Our study highlights the mechanism of plant community assembly in the alpine ecosystem, where environmental filtering plays a more important role than dispersal limitation. In addition, a reasonably controlled abundance of Compositae (the family with the highest niche breadth and large niche overlap value with Gramineae and Cyperaceae) was expected to maintain sustainable development in pastoral production. These results suggest that management measures should be developed with the goal of improving or maintaining suitable local environmental conditions.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤中反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶基因(nosZ)多样性的影响

为了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,通过PCR扩增、基因克隆、RFLP分析法对恩诺沙星影响下的土壤反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶nosZ基因的分子多样性进行了研究。结果表明,恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,ⅠⅥ组(Ⅰ组0μg/g、Ⅱ组0.01μg/g、Ⅲ组0.1μg/g、Ⅳ组1μg/g、Ⅴ组10μg/g、Ⅵ组50μg/g)的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:48.30%、41.88%、34.78%、33.62%、25.42%、23.81%;第70天,ⅠⅥ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:29.66%、24.24%、18.10%、16.67%、15.83%、14.39%。对照组多样性指数均高于添加药物组,第35天,对照组的M argalef指数与添加药物各组差异均显著(P0.05),第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著;第35天,除了0.01μg/g组,对照组的Shannon-W iener指数与其他添加药物组差异均显著,第70天,仅与50μg/g组差异显著。由此可见,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.0110μg/g组土壤反硝化细菌的多样性与对照组之间的差异变小。     

象山港不同养殖类型海域大型底栖动物群落比较研究

于2009年2月在象山港顶部海域分别对海带、牡蛎和鱼类网箱3种不同养殖区进行了大型底栖动物调查。调查共鉴定大型底栖动物73种,隶属8门12纲53科,以软体动物和环节动物为主。海带养殖区优势种有5种;牡蛎养殖区有4种;网箱养殖区有9种。海带、牡蛎和网箱养殖区大型底栖动物平均栖息密度分别为(132±71)个/m²、(94±91)个/m²和(210±132)个/m²;平均生物量分别为(26.51±11.06) g/m²、(53.03±61.94) g/m²和(108.80±73.56) g/m²。栖息密度和生物量不同养殖区和不同调查站位间差异显著。Tukey多重比较结果显示,栖息密度海带养殖区与牡蛎和网箱养殖区间均无显著差异,而牡蛎与鱼类网箱养殖区间存在显著差异;生物量海带养殖区与牡蛎养殖区间无显著差异,海带养殖区和牡蛎养殖区与网箱养殖区间均显著差异。典范对应分析结果表明,对大型底栖动物群落起主要影响的环境因子有温度、盐度、总氮和总磷等,排序轴对物种-环境关系的贡献率计算结果表明环境变量可以较好的解释主要类群的变化情况。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析结果表明,网箱养殖区大型底栖动物群落受较明显扰动,而海带和牡蛎养殖区大型底栖动物群落未受扰动。     

扎龙湿地昆虫群落结构及动态

湿地是介于水体与陆地之间的特殊的生态系统,其中昆虫扮演着重要的角色。通过选取扎龙村、烟筒屯、土木台和育苇场为样地以诱集夜间活动的昆虫为主,对扎龙湿地昆虫群落结构进行了探讨。结果表明:扎龙湿地夜间活动的昆虫分属14目54科139种,以鳞翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目为优势类群。各区域昆虫群落种-多度关系均表现为对数正态分布。物种丰富度为扎龙村＞烟筒屯＞育苇场＞土木台,而群落多样性和均匀度均为烟筒屯＞扎龙村＞土木台＞育苇场,Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H') 与均匀度(J')和物种丰富度(S)时间动态关系表现为:烟筒屯Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H')与均匀度(J')和物种丰富度(S)均一致;扎龙村和育苇场Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H')与均匀度(J')一致,而与物种丰富度(S)弱相关;土木台 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H')与均匀度(J')和物种丰富度(S)均表现为弱相关。研究得出扎龙湿地总体环境质量较好,但局部地区(如土木台)有退化的趋势,并分析造成上述结果的原因。     

垂叶榕上16种榕小蜂的种群动态

传粉榕小蜂和榕树的互利共生是传粉昆虫与植物间协同进化的典范。在榕果(榕树的隐头状花序)内,还生活着多种非传粉榕小蜂。这些生活在密闭榕果内由传粉榕小蜂和非传粉榕小蜂组成的群落对研究群落生态学有很大价值。然而,对生存在单一榕树的榕果内的所有榕小蜂的种群动态了解很少,特别是缺少相对长期的连续数据。通过野外近3a观察和采样,研究了垂叶榕榕小蜂群落结构和榕小蜂的种群动态。共记录榕小蜂16种;各种榕小蜂根据发生规律可分为常见种和偶见种,Eupristina koningsbergeri,Philotrypesis sp.1,Philotrypesis sp.4,Philotrypesis sp.5,Sycoscapter sp.1,Walkerella benjamini,Walkerella sp.1,Sycophila sp.2,Sycobia sp.2为常见种;Sycobia sp.1,Acophila sp.1,Sycophila sp.1,Ormyrus sp.1等为偶见种。每种榕小蜂在单果上的数量随季节呈波动变化,季节对榕小蜂群落的多样性和均匀性无显著影响。除了传粉榕小蜂外,Sycoscapter sp.1也是优势种类之一。传粉榕小蜂的数量与非传粉榕小蜂总数间呈显著负相关。传粉榕小蜂与非传粉榕小蜂几乎都呈负相关,而与Walkerella sp.1在数量上呈显著正相关。Sycobia sp.2与Sycophila sp.2在同一瘿中出现,数量上呈显著正相关。但其它非传粉榕小蜂种类在数量上的相关性较为复杂,可能是造成各种榕小蜂数量波动的一个原因。