全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10014篇 |
免费 | 2042篇 |
国内免费 | 1461篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 59篇 |
2023年 | 481篇 |
2022年 | 302篇 |
2021年 | 421篇 |
2020年 | 772篇 |
2019年 | 741篇 |
2018年 | 691篇 |
2017年 | 742篇 |
2016年 | 703篇 |
2015年 | 694篇 |
2014年 | 712篇 |
2013年 | 750篇 |
2012年 | 538篇 |
2011年 | 500篇 |
2010年 | 484篇 |
2009年 | 613篇 |
2008年 | 587篇 |
2007年 | 525篇 |
2006年 | 444篇 |
2005年 | 412篇 |
2004年 | 349篇 |
2003年 | 248篇 |
2002年 | 216篇 |
2001年 | 185篇 |
2000年 | 204篇 |
1999年 | 137篇 |
1998年 | 141篇 |
1997年 | 92篇 |
1996年 | 103篇 |
1995年 | 114篇 |
1994年 | 84篇 |
1993年 | 58篇 |
1992年 | 44篇 |
1991年 | 37篇 |
1990年 | 32篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 21篇 |
1983年 | 22篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
141.
Floral color change in diverse plants has been thought to be a visual signal reflecting changes in floral rewards, promoting pollinator foraging efficiency as well as plant reproductive success. It remains unclear whether olfactory signals co-vary with floral color change. We investigated the production rhythms of floral scent and nectar associated with floral color change in Lonicera japonica. The flowers generally last 2–3 days. They are white on opening at night (N1) and become light yellow the following day (D1), yellow on the second night (N2), and golden on the second day of flowering (D2). Our measurements in the four stages indicated that nectar production decreased significantly from N1 and D1 to N2 and D2, tracking the floral color change. A total of 34 compounds were detected in floral scent and total scent emission was significantly higher in N2 than in the other three stages. The scent emission of three major compounds, Linalool, cis-3-Hexenyl tiglate, and Germacrene D was also significantly higher in N2, but the relative content of Linalool decreased gradually, cis-3-Hexenyl tiglate increased gradually, and the relative content of Germacrene D did not differ among the four measured stages. Greater scent emission by night than by day suggested a strong olfactory signal to attract nocturnal hawkmoths, the effective pollinators. However, floral scent rhythms in the four stages did not match the color change and nectar secretion, suggesting that floral color (visual) and scent (olfactory) in this species may play different roles in attracting or filtering various visitors. 相似文献
142.
JOY GRAYSON MALCOLM EDMUNDS 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1989,37(3):263-279
Caterpillars of the poplar and eyed hawkmoths (Laothoe populi and Smerinthus ocellata respectively) were reared under different conditions in order to determine why final instar caterpillars vary in colour. Poplar hawkmoth caterpillars normally rest on the undersides of leaves. Dull green and redspotted caterpillars are genetically determined polymorphisms. Caterpillars that are not dull green, however, can become white when fed on Populus alba or yellow-green when fed on Salix fragilis. Experiments showed that it is the reflective qualities of the leaves that determines which colour the caterpillar develops: if the young larva sees white then it becomes white, but if it sees green, grey or black then it becomes yellow-green. Young eyed hawkmoth larvae always developed into grey-green final instar caterpillars under our rather poorly-illuminated rearing conditions, but when reared on wild plants in white muslin sleeves they became whitish-green. In this species also it appears that colour of the final instar is determined by the reflectance of the substrate perceived by the young caterpillar. 相似文献
143.
Nitrous oxide emissions from silage maize fields under different mineral nitrogen fertilizer and slurry applications 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
J.W. van Groenigen G.J. Kasper G.L. Velthof A. van den Pol-van Dasselaar P.J. Kuikman 《Plant and Soil》2004,263(1):101-111
Intensive dairy farming systems are a large source of emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), because of high nitrogen (N) application rates to grasslands and silage maize fields. The objective of this study was to compare measured N2O emissions from two different soils to default N2O emission factors, and to look at alternative emission factors based on (i) the N uptake in the crop and (ii) the N surplus of the system, i.e., N applied minus N uptake by the crop. Twelve N fertilization regimes were implemented on a sandy soil (typic endoaquoll) and a clay soil (typic endoaquept) in the Netherlands, and N2O emissions were measured throughout the growing season. Highest cumulative fluxes of 1.92 and 6.81 kg N2O-N ha–1 for the sandy soil and clay soil were measured at the highest slurry application rate of 250 kg N ha–1. Background emissions from unfertilized soils were 0.14 and 1.52 kg N2O-N ha–1 for the sandy soil and the clay soil, respectively. Emission factors for the sandy soil averaged 0.08, 0.51 and 0.26% of the N applied via fertilizer, slurry, and combinations of both. For the clay soil, these numbers were 1.18, 1.21 and 1.69%, respectively. Surplus N was linearly related to N2O emission for both the sandy soil (R2=0.60) and the clay soil (R2=0.40), indicating a possible alternative emission factor. We concluded that, in our study, N2O emission was not linearly related to N application rates, and varied with type and application rate of fertilizer. Finally, the relatively high emission from the clay soil indicates that background emissions might have to be taken into account in N2O budgets. 相似文献
144.
It is usually thought that unlike terrestrial plants, phytoplankton will not show a significant response to an increase of atmospheric CO2. Here we suggest that this view may be biased by a neglect of the effects of carbon (C) assimilation on the pH and the dissociation of the C species. We show that under eutrophic conditions, productivity may double as a result of doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Although in practice productivity increase will usually be less, we still predict a productivity increase of up to 40% in marine species with a low affinity for bicarbonate. In eutrophic freshwater systems doubling of atmospheric CO2 may result in an increase of the productivity of more than 50%. Freshwaters with low alkalinity appeared to be very sensitive to atmospheric CO2 elevation. Our results suggest that the aquatic C sink may increase more than expected, and that nuisance phytoplankton blooms may be aggravated at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. 相似文献
145.
Robin A. Clark Clive J. Fox David Viner† Matthew Livermore† 《Global Change Biology》2003,9(11):1669-1680
In order to examine the likely impacts of climate change on fish stocks, it is necessary to couple the output from large‐scale climate models to fisheries population simulations. Using projections of future North Sea surface temperatures for the period 2000–2050 from the Hadley General Circulation Model, we estimate the likely effects of climate change on the North Sea cod population. Output from the model suggests that increasing temperatures will lead to an increased rate of decline in the North Sea cod population compared with simulations that ignore environmental change. Although the simulation developed here is relatively simplistic, we demonstrate that inclusion of environmental factors in population models can markedly alter one's perception of how the population will behave. The development of simulations incorporating environment effects will become increasingly important as the impacts of climate change on the marine ecosystem become more pronounced. 相似文献
146.
An axenic clonal culture of Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono was grown on a 12: 12 h LD cycle in a laboratory culture tank containing 1 m3 of f/2 medium. Diel changes in mean cell volume, cellular carbon (carbon content per cell), C/N ratio, cellular Chl a, Chl a/c ratio and carotenoid composition were observed. Mean cell volume and cellular C, N and pigments increased during the light period as a result of photosynthesis and decreased with increase of cell concentration by phased cell division during the dark period. These changes indicated that carbon assimilation and pigment synthesis occurred together during the light period. However, the patterns of increase were not the same since different diel patterns were also found in the ratios of C/N and chl a/c. Photosynthetic pigments were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ion-pairing solution. This analysis showed that the dominant carotenoids in C. antiqua were fucoxanthin, violaxanthin and β-carotene. Diel patterns of Chls a and c were similar to that of fucoxanthin but different from those of violaxanthin and β-carotene. The cellular contents of Chl a, fucoxanthin and carbon increased in a parallel manner during the light period. On the other hand, the increase of violaxanthin was restricted to only a few hours at the beginning of the light period during cell division cycles. 相似文献
147.
In addition to assessing the impacts of CO2 doubling on environment and society, more consideration is needed to estimate extreme events or surprises. This is particularly important at the intersection of disciplines like climate and ecology because the potential for large discontinuities is high given all the possible climate/biota interactions. The vast disparities in scales encountered by those working in traditional ecology (typically 20 m) and climatology (typically 200 km) make diagnoses of such interactions difficult, but these can be addressed by an emerging research paradigm we call strategic cyclical scaling (SCS). The need to anticipate outlier events and assign them subjective probabilities suggests emphasis on interdisciplinary research associations. The desire to reduce societal vulnerability to such events suggests the need to build adaptive management and diverse economic activities into social organizations. The effectiveness of adaptation responses to anticipated climatic changes is complicated when consideration of transient changes, regional disturbances, large unforseeable natural fluctuations and surprises are considered. Slowing down the rate of disturbances and decreasing vulnerability are advocated as the most prudent responses to the prospect of human-induced climatic changes. 相似文献
148.
Hermann Behling 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1996,5(3):241-246
Palynological studies on late Quaternary lake sediments from the region of the Amazon estuary, 100 km north-east of Belém, Pará State, Brazil, enable reconstruction of lowland Amazonian rain forest during the Late-glacial and Holocene periods. Late-glacial forests included populations of Podocarpus which suggests a distinct climatic cooling. Ilex was abundant in the early Holocene. Records of the mangrove taxon, Rhizophora, indicate rapid Atlantic sea-level rise in the beginning of the Holocene. High charcoal representation may reflect the first arrival of Amerindians in the Amazon coastal area, probably about 10 800 B.P. 相似文献
149.
中国亚热带常绿阔叶林净第一性生产力的估算 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
中国亚热带常绿阔叶林净第一性生产力的估算倪健(中国科学院植物研究所生态室,北京100093)EstimateoftheNetPrimaryProductivityforSubtropicalEvergreenBroadleavedForestinCh... 相似文献
150.
山楂粉蝶NPV的形态发生及其宿主细胞器的超微病理变化 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
应用电子显微技术,对山楂粉蝶核型多角体病毒感染三龄幼虫后,该病毒在体内的形态发生过程及其宿主细胞病理超微结构的变化等进行了观察与分析。结果表明:病毒感染72~168h后,山楂粉蝶幼虫中肠上皮细胞内出现病毒发生基质、核衣壳、套膜、丝状纤维或称前多角体蛋白。病毒粒子、病毒束,以及病毒束嵌入多角体蛋白,装配成完全的病毒多角体。在相应的中肠上皮细胞内,细胞器如线粒体、粗面内质网、核糖体、溶酶体等均发生显著的病理变化。同时还应指出的是内质网呈指纹图谱型,板层体与示髓样小体等膜状结构的病理变化比较特殊。 相似文献