长沙走马楼东吴竹简蚀斑微生物的研究

竹简为我国古代早期文字记录的一种重要载体。湖南长沙竹简博物馆珍藏了一大批走马楼出土的三国时期东吴竹简,具有极为重要的史料价值。以吴简为材料,从竹简中分离微生物,获得10株细菌纯培养,并对这些分离菌株进行多相分类学鉴定。根据其培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞脂肪酸组份的测定以及部份菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析,将10个菌株划归为4个属。这些菌株可作为进一步探讨竹制品文物的微生物腐蚀提供有价值的材料。     

An in situ method for cultivating microorganisms using a double encapsulation technique

The lack of cultured microorganisms represents a bottleneck for advancement in microbiology. The development of novel culturing techniques is, therefore, a crucial step in our understanding of microbial diversity in general, and the role of such diversity in the environment, in particular. This study presents an innovative method for cultivating microorganisms by encapsulating them within agar spheres, which are then encased in a polysulfonic polymeric membrane and incubated in a simulated or natural environment. This method stimulates growth of the entrapped microorganisms by allowing them access to essential nutrients and cues from the environment. It allows for the discovery of microorganisms from dilutions that are 10–100-fold greater than possible with conventional plating techniques. Analysis of microorganisms grown in such spheres incubated in and on a number of different substrates yielded numerous novel ribotypes. For example, spheres incubated on the mucus surface of a Fungiid coral yielded numerous ribotypes, with only 50% sharing similarity (85–96%) to previously identified microorganisms. This suggests that many of the species represent novel ribotypes. Hence, the technique reported here advances our ability to retrieve and successfully culture microorganisms and provides an innovative tool to access unknown microbial diversity.     

一株生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及絮凝活性研究

从活性污泥中筛选到一株产絮凝剂的菌株WJ-100。该菌株产絮凝剂的适宜pH塑6．5。适宜温度为25℃～40℃,摇床速度为80～240r／min;Na^＋、K^＋、Ca^2＋、Fe^3＋均有较好的促絮凝作用,Ca^2＋尤为显著;WJ-100以多种糖类为良好碳源,絮凝率达99.2％、99．8％甚至100％;该菌株在高岭土悬液pH2．0～10．0范围均有较好的絮凝效果。WJ-100在较大的pH、温度、碳源、摇床速度、搅拌速度等范围内均具有很高的絮凝活性,显示出重要的研究和应用价值。     

增温和外源碳输入对泥炭地土壤碳氮循环关键微生物功能基因丰度的影响

为探讨温度升高和外源碳输入对泥炭地土壤碳氮循环关键微生物的影响,于2017年7月采集多年冻土区泥炭地表层(0—10 cm和10—20 cm)土壤样品,在10、15℃两个温度下开展为期42d的增温模拟试验,同时设置葡萄糖添加处理,利用荧光定量PCR技术分析泥炭地土壤碳氮循环关键微生物丰度变化,同时分析增温和外源碳输入对泥炭地土壤活性碳组分和无机氮含量的影响。结果表明:温度升高可导致北方泥炭地表层土壤微生物丰度以及群落结构变化,0—10 cm土壤微生物比10—20 cm土壤微生物更加敏感。增温条件下微生物首先快速分解活性有机碳,同时温度升高加快土壤氮周转速率,增加有效氮含量。外源碳输入整体提高了深层土壤微生物丰度,使得10—20 cm土壤细菌、产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌、氨氧化细菌以及反硝化细菌丰度显著增加,说明外源碳输入可能会促进10—20 cm土壤甲烷氧化过程、氨氧化过程和反硝化过程。温度和葡萄糖的交互作用对泥炭地表层土壤碳氮循环关键微生物丰度均有显著影响。在增温和外源碳输入条件下,北方泥炭地表层土壤微生物丰度受土壤碳氮活性基质的影响。     

微生物发酵琥珀酸的研究进展

琥珀酸是一种重要的C_4平台化合物,生物基琥珀酸可作为合成大宗化学品的起始原料,在食品、医药、表面活性剂、洗涤剂、绿色溶剂、生物可降解塑料和动植物生长刺激物剂领域有广泛的应用前景。从可再生原料出发,发酵过程固定CO_2,使得微生物发酵生产琥珀酸具有良好的环境优势,成为近年研究的热点。围绕微生物发酵法生产琥珀酸迫切需要解决的主要问题,综述了国内外对琥珀酸生产菌的选育、其代谢机理与产酸条件、发酵过程工艺、产品提取等方面的研究现状。     

Specific monitoring by PCR amplification and bioluminescence of firefly luciferase gene-tagged bacteria added to environmental samples

Abstract The firefly luciferase gene, luc , was demonstrated to hold promise as a specific marker for monitoring of genetically modified bacteria in the environment. PCR amplification and bioluminescence procedures were modified and compared for environmental monitoring of luc -tagged bacteria, using Escherichia coli as a model. The methods were used to track luc -tagged bacterial cells added to intact sediment core microcosms. Detection limits for the luc -tagged cells were the following, expressed as cells per 0.5 g of sediment: 10², by PCR amplification; 10³, by whole cell luminescence; and 10³−10⁴, by measurement of luminescence in cell extracts.     

The synthesis of novel chromogenic enzyme substrates for detection of bacterial glycosidases and their applications in diagnostic microbiology

The preparation and evaluation of chromogenic substrates for detecting bacterial glycosidase enzymes is reported. These substrates are monoglycoside derivatives of the metal chelators catechol, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and 6,7-dibromo-2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (6,7-dibromo-DHN). When hydrolysed by appropriate bacterial enzymes these substrates produced coloured chelates in the presence of ammonium iron(III) citrate, thus enabling bacterial detection. A β-d-riboside of DHN and a β-d-glucuronide derivative of 6,7-dibromo-DHN were particularly effective for the detection of S. aureus and E. coli respectively.     

微生物分子生态学技术在污水处理系统中的应用

微生物分子生态学作为分子生物学与微生物生态学交叉而形成的学科,在污水处理方面广泛应用。本文从分子生态学实验技术角度,综述了目前污水处理系统中微生物群体结构、多样性及其与功能相关性的研究进展,探讨了分子生态学技术的发展与应用前景,并指出研究该体系微生物对于认识微生物系统发育地位具有重要意义。     

Application of 13C NMR to investigate the transformations and biodegradation of organic materials by wood- and soil-feeding termites, and a coprophagous litter-dwelling dipteran larva

Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the C in samples of the food (wood), gut contents and faeces from the wood-feeding termite, Microcerotermes parvus; soil in the guts and mound material from the soil-feeding termite, Thoracotermes macrothorax; and the food and faeces from the litter-feeding, coprophagous larvae of the dipteran fly, Bibio marci. Spectra from the wood-feeding termite indicated preferential loss of polysaccharide and accumulation of lignin with some modification to the O-aromatic-C and methoxyl-C (O-methyl-C) components during passage through the gut. Spectra for the soil-feeding termite indicated little change in the distribution of 13C between resonances following passage through the gut, except for some evidence of preferential polysaccharide loss. Interpretation of the spectra from these organisms was restricted by the relatively low C content of the soils and mound material, and by the large contribution to the NMR spectra from the gut tissue rather than the gut contents. Spectra for the litter-feeding dipteran larvae indicated preferential feeding on the polysaccharide-rich component of the litter and then overall loss of polysaccharide-C and accumulation of both aromatic-C and methoxyl-C in the gut. These changes were greater for the second passage than for the first passage through the gut, suggesting that principally mechanical and physical changes occurred initially and that chemical digestion was prevalent during the second passage.     

南亚热带混交人工林树种丰富度与土壤微生物多样性和群落组成的关系

森林植被与土壤微生物作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,它们之间的相互作用对维持森林生态系统功能和稳定性起着重要作用。以往多在天然草地和森林生态系统开展植物多样性与土壤微生物多样性关系的研究,但人工构建的多树种混交林生态系统中树种多样性对土壤微生物群落组成的影响及其机制尚不完全清楚。因此,以南亚热带人工块状造林后自然恢复形成的多树种混交森林生态系统为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术研究了随树种丰富度(1—10种)变化土壤细菌和真菌多样性的变化规律及主要影响因子。结果表明,随树种丰富度增加,土壤真菌α多样性显著提高,但土壤细菌α多样性差异不显著;不同树种丰富度梯度间土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构组成均差异显著;Pearson相关分析表明土壤细菌α多样性主要受土壤pH和土壤铵态氮影响,而土壤pH和有效磷是土壤真菌α多样性的主要影响因子。距离冗余分析(db-RDA)表明,对土壤细菌群落组成产生显著影响的环境因子分别为土壤pH、硝态氮和芳香碳组分,而土壤有机碳、硝态氮、细根生物量和氧烷基碳组分是影响土壤真菌群落组成的主要因子。本研究的结果说明了南亚热带人工林不同树种混交后形成多树种混交林生态系统的过程中,树...