4种生态因子对虎斑乌贼幼体生长与存活的影响

旨在研究温度、盐度、饵料种类、投饵量对虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）幼体生长与存活率的影响,以确定其生长发育的最佳生态条件,为人工育苗提供理论依据。在室内控制条件下,采用单因子试验研究了不同温度（18、21、24、27、30和33℃）、不同盐度（18、21、24、27、30和33）、不同饵料种类（虾糜、活糠虾、卤虫无节幼体、桡足类、死糠虾、虾糜＋强化卤虫后无节幼体、强化卤虫后无节幼体）、活糠虾不同投饵量（0、2、4、6、8和10 g/d）对虎斑乌贼幼体生长发育的影响。结果显示：不同温度对虎斑乌贼幼体生长影响显著（P〈0.05）,最适温度为24-27℃,在最适温度下,存活率为84.4%-91.1%,特定生长率为4.82%-6.13%,存活率（y）与温度（x）的函数关系为y=-0.15x3＋30.637x-447.002（r2=0.923）。幼体适宜盐度为24-33,最适盐度为27,在最适盐度条件下,其存活率为（90.0±5.29）%,特定生长率为（3.71±0.34）%。投喂7种开口饵料,以活糠虾效果最佳,存活率为（96.7±2.94）%,特定生长率为（3.77±0.23）%;强化卤虫后无节幼体效果次之,存活率为（95.6±2.31）%,特定生长率为（2.54±0.15）%,其余各组培养效果均不理想。投喂活糠虾,随着投饵量的增加,其存活率随之提高,摄食量（y）与个体重（x）的回归方程为y=0.227x-0.063（r2=0.921）。     

实时荧光定量PCR技术在转基因食品检测领域中的应用

随着基因工程技术在农业生产中应用的深入,越来越多具有改良特征的转基因植物在全球范围内得到广泛种植,随之而来的转基因食品也迅猛发展,转基因产品大规模商业化引起了对安全性问题的担忧。为保证转基因产品标签制度的顺利实施,建立快速、准确、高通量的定量检测方法十分必要。我们综述了国内外转基因食品检测技术的研究进展,重点阐述了实时荧光定量PCR技术在转基因食品检测领域中的应用,并展望了通过构建质粒标准分子的方法来实现对更多转基因植物品系的定量检测。     

Relating body size to the role of aquatic subsidies for the riparian spider <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephila clavata</Emphasis>

We examined the relationship between body size of the riparian spider Nephila clavata and the contribution of allochthonous (aquatic insects) and autochthonous (terrestrial insects) sources to its diet using stable isotope analysis. During the study period from July to September, the body size of the females increased remarkably (about 60-fold) but that of males remained small. The biomass of both aquatic and terrestrial insects trapped on the spider webs increased with spider size, with the biomass of the former ranging between 30 and 70% of that of the terrestrial insects. The average relative contribution of aquatic insects to the diet of the spiders, calculated from δ¹³C values, was 40–50% in spiders in the early juvenile and juvenile stages, 35% in adult males and 4% in adult females. There was a significant negative relationship between the relative contribution of aquatic insects and body size of the female spiders. We conclude that aquatic insects might be an important seasonal dietary subsidy for small spiders and that these allochthonous subsidies may facilitate the growth of riparian spiders, which may in turn enable the spiders to feed on larger prey.     

Beyond trophic morphology: stable isotopes reveal ubiquitous versatility in marine turtle trophic ecology

The idea that interspecific variation in trophic morphology among closely related species effectively permits resource partitioning has driven research on ecological radiation since Darwin first described variation in beak morphology among Geospiza. Marine turtles comprise an ecological radiation in which interspecific differences in trophic morphology have similarly been implicated as a pathway to ecopartition the marine realm, in both extant and extinct species. Because marine turtles are charismatic flagship species of conservation concern, their trophic ecology has been studied intensively using stable isotope analyses to gain insights into habitat use and diet, principally to inform conservation management. This legion of studies provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine ecological partitioning across numerous hierarchical levels that heretofore has not been applied to any other ecological radiation. Our contribution aims to provide a quantitative analysis of interspecific variation and a comprehensive review of intraspecific variation in trophic ecology across different hierarchical levels marshalling insights about realised trophic ecology derived from stable isotopes. We reviewed 113 stable isotope studies, mostly involving single species, and conducted a meta‐analysis of data from adults to elucidate differences in trophic ecology among species. Our study reveals a more intricate hierarchy of ecopartitioning by marine turtles than previously recognised based on trophic morphology and dietary analyses. We found strong statistical support for interspecific partitioning, as well as a continuum of intraspecific trophic sub‐specialisation in most species across several hierarchical levels. This ubiquity of trophic specialisation across many hierarchical levels exposes a far more complex view of trophic ecology and resource‐axis exploitation than suggested by species diversity alone. Not only do species segregate along many widely understood axes such as body size, macrohabitat, and trophic morphology but the general pattern revealed by isotopic studies is one of microhabitat segregation and variation in foraging behaviour within species, within populations, and among individuals. These findings are highly relevant to conservation management because they imply ecological non‐exchangeability, which introduces a new dimension beyond that of genetic stocks which drives current conservation planning. Perhaps the most remarkable finding from our data synthesis is that four of six marine turtle species forage across several trophic levels. This pattern is unlike that seen in other large marine predators, which forage at a single trophic level according to stable isotopes. This finding affirms suggestions that marine turtles are robust sentinels of ocean health and likely stabilise marine food webs. This insight has broader significance for studies of marine food webs and trophic ecology of large marine predators. Beyond insights concerning marine turtle ecology and conservation, our findings also have broader implications for the study of ecological radiations. Particularly, the unrecognised complexity of ecopartitioning beyond that predicted by trophic morphology suggests that this dominant approach in adaptive radiation research likely underestimates the degree of resource overlap and that interspecific disparities in trophic morphology may often over‐predict the degree of realised ecopartitioning. Hence, our findings suggest that stable isotopes can profitably be applied to study other ecological radiations and may reveal trophic variation beyond that reflected by trophic morphology.     

Microbial Communities Associated with Tree Bark Foliose Lichens: A Perspective on their Microecology

Tree‐bark, foliose lichens occur widely on a global scale. In some locales, such as forests, they contribute a substantial amount of biomass. However, there are few research reports on microbial communities including eukaryotic microbes associated with foliose lichens. Lichens collected from tree bark at 11 locations (Florida, New York State, Germany, Australia, and the Arctic) were examined to determine the density and C‐biomass of bacteria and some eukaryotic microbes, i.e. heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and amoeboid protists. A rich microbial diversity was found, including large plasmodial slime molds, in some cases exceeding 100 μm in size. The densities of HNF and amoeboid protists were each positively correlated with densities of bacteria, r = 0.84 and 0.80, respectively (p < 0.01, N = 11 for each analysis) indicating a likely bacterial‐based food web. Microbial densities (number/g lichen dry weight) varied markedly across the geographic sampling sites: bacteria (0.7–13.1 × 10⁸), HNF (0.2–6.8 × 10⁶) and amoeboid protists (0.4–4.6 × 10³). The ranges in C‐biomass (μg/g lichen dry weight) across the 11 sites were: bacteria (8.8–158.5), HNF (0.03–0.85), and amoeboid protists (0.08–540), the latter broad range was due particularly to absence or presence of large slime mold plasmodia.     

取食转基因抗虫棉上的棉蚜对粉舞蛛存活和发育的影响

本文以转双价基因棉花SGK321、棉蚜Aphis gossypii和粉舞蛛Alopecosa pulverulenta为对象,研究了捕食转基因植物上的植食性害虫对多食性捕食性天敌的影响。结果表明,粉舞蛛可以猎食棉蚜,但单独捕食棉蚜不足以长期维持若蛛的生存和发育; 与果蝇混合饲养,能显著提高若蛛存活率和体重。在猎物过量或数量不足的情况下,单独捕食转基因棉或常规棉上的棉蚜,若蛛的生存曲线和体重差异不显著。在猎物过量的条件下,用转基因棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合饲养,若蛛的存活率显著高于用常规棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合的处理; 但这两种处理下,若蛛的体重差异不显著。在猎物数量不足的情况下,用转基因棉或常规棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合饲养,若蛛的存活率和体重差异都不显著。可见,转双价基因棉花SGK321上的棉蚜对粉舞蛛的存活和发育没有显著的不利影响。     

不同食料植物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

报道了棉花、烟草、番茄和辣椒4种植物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育和繁殖的影响。棉铃虫成虫喜欢在番茄上产卵,在辣椒上的着卵量最少。初孵幼虫喜选食嫩棉叶,选食辣椒嫩叶的虫数最少。4组幼虫取食嫩叶时的平均相对生长速率都有显著差异,顺序为棉叶组>烟叶组>番茄叶组>辣椒叶组。幼虫存活率以取食棉花时最高,取食番茄时最低。棉花组成虫的产卵量最高,烟草组的产卵量最低。取食棉花的棉铃虫种群增长的速度约为取食番茄时的14倍。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化棉铃、烟草蒴果、辣椒果实,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率较低。棉铃虫可分别以这4种植物的不同器官为食完成世代循环。其中,棉花是最适宜的寄主,辣椒和番茄是较不适宜的寄主。     

婴幼儿喂养指数法评价6~23月龄婴幼儿喂养状况的临床价值

摘要 目的：探讨婴幼儿喂养指数法（ICFI）评价6~23月龄婴幼儿的喂养状况的临床价值。方法：于2015年6月至2016年2月,按照多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取1418例6~23月龄婴幼儿作为调查对象。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）喂养建议建立喂养指数体系（包括母乳喂养、奶瓶喂养、膳食多样性、食物频率和喂养频率）,进行ICFI评分。结果：本次共调查1418例婴幼儿,男766例（54.02 %）,女652例（45.98 %）。6~8月龄组482例（33.99 %）,9~11月龄组457例（32.23 %）,12~23月龄组479例（33.78 %）。母乳喂养率为45.06 %,随月龄增加母乳喂养率降低（x²=234.486,P<0.05）。奶瓶喂养率为74.75 %,随月龄增加奶瓶喂养率升高（x²=75.671,P<0.05）。膳食多样性总满分率为67.42 %,满分率随月龄增加而增加（x²=154.146,P<0.05）。6~8、9~11月龄食物频率总满分率由高到低依次为谷类、蔬菜/水果、蛋/鱼/禽肉类、豆类及其制品、畜肉类;12~23月龄依次为奶类及其制品、蔬菜/水果、蛋/鱼/禽肉类、畜肉类、豆类及其制品。三个月龄组间食物频率评分随月龄增加而增加（F=1240.819,P<0.05）。喂养频率满分率为41.11 %（583/1418）,随月龄增加而降低（x²=149.05,P<0.05）。结论：ICFI可客观地反映婴幼儿的喂养状况,目前6~23月龄婴幼儿喂养状况不容乐观,喂养状况随着月龄减小而变差。     

渤海南部半滑舌鳎的食性及摄食的季节性变化

本文研究了渤海南部半滑鳎的食性及其摄食的季节性变化,胃食物分析结果表明,半滑舌鳎为底栖生物食性鱼类,以虾类,蟹类,双壳类及部分中下层小型鱼类为主要食物,兼食一些多毛类,头足类,腹足类,棘皮动物及海葵,半滑舌鳎终年摄食,其摄食强度的周年变化不大,半滑舌鳎常年捕食鲜明鼓虾,日本鼓虾,口虾蛄,隆线强蟹及泥古隆背蟹等。夏季加强捕食小刀蛏,凸壳肌蛤等双壳类,降春季外还捕食一些以虾虎鱼为主的中下层小型鱼类。     

Golden bananas in the field: elevated fruit pro‐vitamin A from the expression of a single banana transgene

Vitamin A deficiency remains one of the world's major public health problems despite food fortification and supplements strategies. Biofortification of staple crops with enhanced levels of pro‐vitamin A (PVA) offers a sustainable alternative strategy to both food fortification and supplementation. As a proof of concept, PVA‐biofortified transgenic Cavendish bananas were generated and field trialed in Australia with the aim of achieving a target level of 20 μg/g of dry weight (dw) β‐carotene equivalent (β‐CE) in the fruit. Expression of a Fe'i banana‐derived phytoene synthase 2a (MtPsy2a) gene resulted in the generation of lines with PVA levels exceeding the target level with one line reaching 55 μg/g dw β‐CE . Expression of the maize phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPsy1) gene, used to develop ‘Golden Rice 2’, also resulted in increased fruit PVA levels although many lines displayed undesirable phenotypes. Constitutive expression of either transgene with the maize polyubiquitin promoter increased PVA accumulation from the earliest stage of fruit development. In contrast, PVA accumulation was restricted to the late stages of fruit development when either the banana 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase or the expansin 1 promoters were used to drive the same transgenes. Wild‐type plants with the longest fruit development time had also the highest fruit PVA concentrations. The results from this study suggest that early activation of the rate‐limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and extended fruit maturation time are essential factors to achieve optimal PVA concentrations in banana fruit.