Synthesis of the (9R,13R)-isomer of LDS1, a flower-inducing oxylipin isolated from Lemna paucicostata

The first synthesis of the (9R,13R)-stereoisomer of LDS1, a flower-inducing oxylipin isolated from Lemna paucicostata, has been achieved from a known allylic alcohol by a seven-step sequence that involves the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination to construct its full carbon framework and an enzymatic hydrolysis of a penultimate methyl ester intermediate to provide the target molecule.     

Methane yield and species diversity dynamics of perennial wild plant mixtures established alone,under cover crop maize (Zea mays L.), and after spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The cultivation of perennial wild plant mixtures (WPMs) in biogas cropping systems dominated by maize (Zea mays L.) restores numerous ecosystem functions and improves both spatial and temporal agrobiodiversity. In addition, the colorful appearance of WPM can help enhance landscape beauty. However, their methane yield per hectare (MYH) varies greatly and amounts to only about 50% that of maize. This study aimed at decreasing MYH variability and increasing accumulated MYH of WPM by optimizing the establishment method. A field trial was established in southwest Germany in 2014, and is still running. It tested the effects of three WPM establishment procedures (E1: alone [without maize, in May], E2: undersown in cover crop maize [in May], E3: WPM sown after whole‐crop harvest of spring barley [Hordeum vulgare L.] in June) on both MYH and species diversity of two WPMs [S1, S2]). Mono‐cropped maize and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) were used as reference crops. Of the WPM treatments tested, S2E2 achieved the highest (19,296 , 60.5% of maize) and S1E1 the lowest accumulated MYH (8,156 , 25.6% of maize) in the years 2014–2018. Cup plant yielded slightly higher than S2E2 (19,968 , 62.6% of maize). In 2014, the WPM sown under maize did not significantly affect the cover crop performance. From 2015 onward, E1 and E2 had comparable average annual MYH and average annual number of WPM species. With a similar accumulated MYH but significantly higher number of species (3.5–10.2), WPM S2E2 outperformed cup plant. Overall, the long‐term MYH performance of WPM cultivation for biogas production can be significantly improved by undersowing with maize as cover crop. This improved establishment method could help facilitate the implementation of WPM cultivation for biogas production and thus reduce the trade‐off between bioenergy and biodiversity.     

Informing native plant sourcing for ecological restoration: cold‐hardiness dynamics,flowering phenology,and survival of Eriogonum umbellatum

Despite advances in restoration of degraded lands around the world, native plants are still underutilized. Selection of appropriate plant materials is a critical factor in determining plant establishment and persistence. To better inform decision‐making, we examined cold‐hardiness dynamics, flowering phenology, and survival among five geographically distinct sulfur‐flower buckwheat (Polygonaceae: Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.) populations in a common garden. LT₅₀ (a measure of freezing injury) was determined every 6 weeks across a complete year; one population was also evaluated at the source. Cold‐hardiness dynamics were similar across populations, with annual fluctuations in mean LT₅₀ exceeding 40°C. Rate of deacclimation (i.e. loss of cold tolerance) in spring varied across populations and was not related to the elevation from which a population came. Plants were less cold hardy in October 2014 compared to October 2013, likely reflecting a response to colder local conditions in 2013. Although the range of LT₅₀ was similar for a single comparison of common garden versus wild‐grown plants, wild‐grown plants acclimated and deacclimated earlier than common garden‐grown plants. Plants derived from a low‐elevation population showed delayed flowering phenology, while high‐elevation populations showed earlier flowering phenology, with one high‐elevation population having the lowest survival rate in the common garden. These results suggest that while considerable plasticity in seasonal cold‐hardiness dynamics occur, population variability in deacclimation and flowering phenology have implications for selection and movement of sulfur‐flower buckwheat for ecological restoration.     

二态混合交配系统的适合度优势及其维持机制研究进展

由开花受精花(chasmogamous, CH)和闭花受精花(cleistogamous, CL)构成的二态混合交配系统植物有着特殊的繁殖策略, 对其进行深入研究有助于理解植物交配系统的维持机制、进化趋势以及植物对环境变化的应对策略。本文综述了国内外关于CH-CL系统两型花研究的文献资料, 包括非生物因素和生物因素对该繁育系统两型花的生长、发育及相对比例的影响, 两型花的维持机制及进化意义, 阐明了CH-CL系统的研究现状及科学问题, 重点评述了基于近年来对CH-CL系统研究成果的新认识。作者提出, 精确地检测两种花型的后代在异质生境下以及在生活史的不同阶段的适合度差异是十分必要的; 微环境(种子的散布模式及位置效应)对两型花种子萌发和子代生长发育的影响非常重要; 两型花表达的时空差异(即开花模式及对异质生境的敏感性差异)的表达机制可能与内源激素的水平变化相关; 对于多年生具CL系统植物来说, 不同性质、不同来源的后代在居群中的分布式样及对居群遗传结构的影响很可能是该系统维持的重要机制。因此, 深入研究和科学认识二态混合交配系统对认识整个植物界繁育系统的进化有十分重要的意义。     

新疆昆仑雪菊水提物对 小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的 研究新疆昆仑雪菊水提物对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 C57BL/6小鼠,雄性,8周龄,40只,分为4个组(每组10只):高、中、低三个剂量组和空白对照组,给药14 d,收集给药前后小鼠粪样,16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR法测定粪样中肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌水平。结果 与空白对照组比较,中剂量组小鼠肠道粪样中乳杆菌显著增多(t=-2.503,P0.05),低剂量组与高剂量组变化不显著;与空白对照组比较,其他组小鼠肠道中肠杆菌属、肠球菌属和产气荚膜梭菌水平均无显著变化。结论 参照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范—2003版》之"调节肠道菌群作用检验方法",新疆昆仑雪菊水提物对小鼠肠道菌群具有一定的调节作用。     

叶面喷施PP_(333)和6-BA对甜荞花芽分化及内源激素的影响

以甜荞品种‘北早生’和‘赤甜荞1号’为材料,利用多效唑(PP_(333))和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)在不同幼苗时期进行叶片喷施处理,并采用扫描电镜观察花芽分化过程,记录开花时间,调查开花和结实数,通过液质联用方法检测3种内源激素生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、脱落酸(ABA)及人工合成细胞分裂素(6-BA)含量,探究两种植物生长调节剂对甜荞的花芽分化及内源激素含量的影响,为甜荞花期调控提供依据。结果显示:(1)第二片真叶期喷施100mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)和150mg·L~(-1)6-BA能显著提高甜荞结实率和单株产量,两种处理的结实率分别较对照提高49.5%、39.4%,单株产量分别提高41.8%、23.0%。(2)观察甜荞花芽分化过程并将其划分5个时期,分别为生长锥分化前期、生长锥分化期、小花原基分化期、雌雄蕊分化期和雌雄蕊形成期,在第二片真叶期喷施PP_(333)和6-BA均加快了甜荞花芽分化进程,使其开花时间提前。(3)喷施PP_(333)在幼苗期和现蕾期降低了内源IAA、6-BA含量,增加GA_3、ABA含量,而在盛花期增加内源IAA、6-BA含量,降低ABA、GA_3含量;喷施6-BA在幼苗期和现蕾期增加了内源GA_3、IAA含量,在盛花期降低了内源GA_3、IAA含量,3个时期均降低了内源ABA含量,增加了6-BA含量。研究发现,第二片真叶期是调控甜荞小花发育的关键时期,在此时叶面喷施100mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)和150mg·L~(-1)6-BA的调控效果最佳,可加快甜荞花芽分化进程,使开花时间提前,增加单株结实粒数,提高甜荞品种的结实率和单株产量;PP_(333)主要是通过减少甜荞开花数,增强弱势小花活力来提高结实粒数,而6-BA主要是利用增加开花数,提高有效可孕小花数来增加结实粒数。     

秦岭石蝴蝶人工种群花器变异现象研究

以人工栽培的秦岭石蝴蝶为实验材料,通过观察并记录花器官形态和数目的变化,初步探讨秦岭石蝴蝶花器变异规律,并分析了导致其变异的诱因。结果显示:(1)在观察的1 996朵秦岭石蝴蝶花朵中,发现了17种花冠变异类型、5种萼片变异类型和7种可育雄蕊变异类型,总变异率分别为34.57%、38.38%和32.67%。(2)秦岭石蝴蝶花梗或可分支,花梗苞片数目2～3枚。(3)相关性分析结果表明,下唇数目与可育雄蕊数目呈正相关,相关系数为0.927 4,而上唇数目与可育雄蕊数目呈负相关,相关系数为-0.481 1,结合花型图示分析这可能与秦岭石蝴蝶雄蕊着生于花冠下唇内侧近基部有关。该研究统计的秦岭石蝴蝶变异类型丰富,可能对于今后秦岭石蝴蝶的系统进化、花器官发育、生殖生态以及分子遗传方面研究奠定了基础,也为培育不同观赏价值的品种提供思路。     

楸树CbuATX1，CbuATX1-like和CbuATX2基因克隆及生物信息学分析

开花是高等植物内部遗传因素和外界环境因素共同调节完成的复杂生命过程,是植物进入生殖生长从而具备遗传能力和繁殖能力的象征。使用PCR技术,以楸树（Catalpa bungei）混合芽cDNA为模板分别克隆CbuATX1,CbuATX1-like和CbuATX2 3个基因,并利用相关生物信息学软件对这3个基因编码的蛋白质结构进行预测,同时对基因的启动子序列进行顺式作用元件分析,通过qRT-PCR技术检测3个基因在楸树混合芽不同发育时期的表达量。结果表明：CbuATX1的CDS全长为726 bp,编码241个氨基酸,存在跨膜运输结构,属于HMA蛋白家族,与芝麻（Sesamum indicum）、甜菜（Beta vulgaris）亲缘关系较近。CbuATX1-like的CDS全长为801 bp,编码266个氨基酸,存在跨膜运输结构,属于HMA蛋白家族,与胡萝卜（Daucus carota）、欧洲橄榄（Olea europaea）亲缘关系较近。CbuATX2的CDS全长为1 554 bp,编码517个氨基酸,不存在跨膜运输结构,属于PWWP蛋白家族,与马尾草（Erythranthe guttatus）亲缘关系较近。这3个基因启动子均含有多个真核生物启动子的基本元件,如CAAT-box和TATA-box等,此外,还含有光响应、低温响应、生长素响应,以及与干旱诱导相关的MYB结合位点等3个基因与光响应密切相关,还可能参与外界环境胁迫响应等过程。qRT-PCR结果显示,上述3个基因在1年生普通楸树无性系9-1和突变株系-百日花楸树不同发育时期的表达量呈现显著差异。通过以上研究以期能够进一步阐述百日花楸树开花的性状,为楸树开花机制的研究和楸树的定向遗传改良提供理论支持。     

三角梅苞叶色彩参数和色素含量分析及蓝色转基因受体的筛选北大核心CSCD

三角梅作为重要的观赏植物颜色繁多,但缺乏稀有的蓝色。为筛选适合的蓝色转基因受体,明确不同品种三角梅苞片吸收利用DHM(二氢杨梅素)合成甜菜色素途径竞争产物(类黄酮色素)的潜在能力,该研究对红色、白色、黄色和紫色4大花色6个品种的三角梅苞片进行离体诱导培养,测定诱导培养后苞片色彩参数及色素含量变化,并进行相关性分析。结果显示:(1)三角梅苞片红绿色相值(a*)是决定苞片呈色的主要色彩参数,其色彩主要由甜菜色素和黄酮类色素决定,并以甜菜红素的影响最大。(2)除白色品种三角梅苞片中黄酮类色素含量大于甜菜色素含量外,其余品种苞片发育中甜菜色素含量均呈上升趋势,黄酮类色素呈下降趋势。(3)甜菜色苷含量与苞片a*值呈显著正相关关系,同时与苞片黄蓝色相值(b*)呈显著负相关关系;总黄酮含量与苞片b*值呈显著正相关关系,与苞片a*值呈极显著负相关关系。(4)经DHM体外诱导培养后,苞片总黄酮含量及占比在4个品种三角梅(‘新加坡大白’、‘宝老橙’、‘中国丽人’、‘黄蝶’)中明显升高,但各品种苞片总甜菜色素含量及占比均下降,并以‘新加坡大白’苞片中总黄酮含量上升幅度最大(65.77%),含量占比变化(增加26.91%)也为6个品种中最大。(5)灰色关联度综合分析显示,白色品种‘新加坡大白’与灰色关联度分析拟定的参考品种关联度最高(0.7444),表明三角梅品种中‘新加坡大白’可考虑作为蓝色转基因三角梅的受体品种。     

花部重金属积累对植物-传粉昆虫互惠关系影响的研究进展

传粉昆虫急剧下降是当前全球生态学家最为关注的热点问题之一,全球气候变化、土地利用改变、生境破碎化以及工农业生产带来的有害物质如杀虫剂等均有重要影响。相比而言,土壤重金属污染对传粉昆虫的潜在影响缺乏深入评价。土壤重金属会进入植物组织如花部,在传粉过程中传递到传粉者体内,并通过影响传粉者行为改变植物雌雄适合度,全面梳理相关研究进展和存在的问题,有助于提升对重金属污染带来的生态后果的全面认识,了解动植物相互关系对环境变化的响应。本文结合前期的研究成果,从重金属在植物花部中的积累模式、花部重金属积累对植物雌雄适合度的影响、经花部报酬介导的重金属积累对蜂类传粉者传粉行为、生活史关键环节的影响等进行综述,以期为理解花部重金属积累对植物与传粉昆虫互惠关系的影响,进而拓展关于土壤重金属污染与传粉昆虫数量减少之间的内在联系的科学认识。