PPARγ 基因与代谢综合征关系的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)γ基因已被公认在调控脂肪细胞分化和多种代谢(糖、脂肪、能量代谢等)中起重要作用。它在脂肪、肌肉、肝脏等多种与胰岛素作用有关的组织中表达,并且具备激活后调控涉及葡萄糖的产生、转运、利用及脂肪代谢的调节等基因的表达。PPARγ基因在脂肪细胞分化、糖、脂代谢、动脉粥样硬化形成、炎性反应中起重要作用,从而与T2DM、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖症、心血管疾病和高血压等疾病的发病风险相关。本文综述了PPARγ基因的结构、功能及其多态性与代谢综合征关系的研究进展。     

盐胁迫下棉花基因组基于毛细管电泳的MSAP分析

以棉花杂交种中棉所29为材料,用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP) 分析法结合毛细管电泳检测技术进行甲基化鉴定,以初步探讨棉花耐盐的分子机理．应用24个引物组合,中棉所29在0.4%盐水胁迫及清水对照下,平均每引物组合检测甲基化位点数分别为69.2和56.7,差异达显著水平．盐胁迫下的DNA甲基化水平与清水对照下相比,52.6%位点表现出甲基化水平提高,即发生了超甲基化;19.7%位点甲基化水平降低,即表现为次甲基化;二者差异达极显著水平．研究结果表明,中棉所29盐胁迫后发生了广泛的DNA甲基化变化,包括超甲基化和次甲基化,以及其它甲基化类型的转变|发生超甲基化位点极显著地多于发生次甲基化位点．盐胁迫下的中棉所29与对照相比,DNA总体甲基化水平显著提高,暗示中棉所29有提高基因组甲基化水平以应对盐胁迫的潜在机制,棉花基因组整体甲基化水平的提高可能与棉花对盐胁迫的耐受性起重要作用．本研究中,甲基化序列的初步克隆及比对分析表明,盐胁迫前后多个ATP合成相关基因甲基化程度维持在同一水平,其表达不受甲基化影响,这也可能是中棉所29耐盐性较强,在一定时间盐处理后能维持正常生长的原因之一．     

DNA fingerprinting of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with Jeffrey's probes: detection of somaclonal variation and other applications

Summary DNA fingerprints generated by the Jeffreys' probes, 33.6 and 33.15, indicated the presence of minisatellite-like sequences in the red clover genome. The fingerprints generated by probe 33.6 gave less background and fewer but better defined bands than those obtained with probe 33.15. Assay of a regenerative somaclonal variant (F49R) by DNA fingerprinting with probe 33.6 detected mutation that was unlinked to the regenerative trait. The fingerprints obtained under the applied conditions also demonstrated genetic stability of consecutive generations of the regenerants in tissue culture. DNA fingerprints of F₁ plants revealed that each polymorphic band was inherited from either one or the other parent. Both probes distinguished individual-specific genotypes in seven cultivars of red clover. Greater variability in DNA fingerprints was detected between (V=0.899) than within (0.417≤V≤0.548) cultivars.     

阿尔卑斯山黄花茅(Anthoxanthum alpinum)沿海拔梯度的基因频率分布

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的2个定点样地,黄花茅从森林线（海拔1700 m）到山顶（海拔2830 m）呈连续分布。在海拔梯度样带的最高和最低定样场所间的垂直距离差不多为1000 m,但2个定样场所间相距仅仅1.4 km。在所研究的3个海拔梯度样带中,3个同工酶位点（Px_1, Got_2和 Mdh_1）被观察到有统计意义的倾群变异。研究结果显示：沿海拔梯度样带的亚居群间的基因流可能太弱不足以克服自然选择的影响,后者促使对局部环境的适应。在这种情况下,温度因子至少可能作为一种主要的自然选择力起作用。     

Genetic races associated with the genera and sections of host species in the holoparasitic plant Cytinus (Cytinaceae) in the Western Mediterranean basin

* Speciation via race formation is an important evolutionary process in parasites, producing changes that favour their development on particular host species. Here, the holoparasitic plant Cytinus, which has diverse host species in the family Cistaceae, has been used to study the occurrence of such races. * Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were performed on 174 individuals of 22 populations parasitizing 10 Cistaceae species in the Western Mediterranean basin. * Neighbour-joining, multivariate ordination analyses, and individual-based Bayesian analyses, clustered Cytinus populations into five well-characterized genetic races that, overall, agreed with the taxonomic sections of their hosts. In the AMOVA, among-races differences accounted for almost 50% of the genetic variation. The isolation-by-distance model was not supported by a Mantel test among Cytinus populations (r = 0.012; P = 0.456). All races showed low within-population genetic diversity, probably as a result of restricted pollen flow aggravated by flowering asynchrony, restricted seed dispersion, or stochastic processes. * The genetic differentiation among the five races of Cytinus is congruent with the view that these races are well-characterized lineages that have evolved independently as a result of selective pressures imposed by their hosts. This pattern, with genetically distinctive groups associated with the infrageneric sections of the host species, has not been reported previously for parasitic angiosperms.     

Inversion polymorphism and a new polytene chromosome map of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zaprionus indianus</Emphasis> Gupta (1970) (Diptera: drosophilidae)

Zaprionus indianus is a recent invader in Brazil and was probably introduced from the West Afrotropical zone. So far, studies regarding its chromosomal polymorphism were limited to India. We found that Brazilian populations were very different from Indian ones. Five new inversions have been discovered. In(II)A, already described in India, where it is quite common, has also been found in Brazil, where it is very rare. The X-chromosome has three inversions; In(X)Na, In(X)Ke and In(X)Eg, which are frequent in all Brazilian populations studied. In every case, we observed strong linkage disequilibrium among these gene arrangements. During the primary collection period (2001–2002), we noticed a significant positive correlation between the frequency of these inversions and latitude, but this was not confirmed in later investigations. Rearrangement In(IV)EF was also common in all populations, while inversion In(V)B was only found in southern populations. Our data suggest that the founders that recently invaded Brazil were polymorphic for the six inversions observed. The place of origin might be identified more precisely by investigating West African populations. In order to facilitate further investigations, we present an updated polytene chromosome photomap, locating the breakpoints of every inversion observed in Brazilian populations. Galina Ananina and Cláudia Rohde contributed equally to this work     

Current methods for molecular typing of Campylobacter species

Campylobacter remains one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Tracking sources of this organism is challenging due to the large numbers of human cases, and the prevalence of this organism throughout the environment due to growth in a wide range of animal species. Many molecular subtyping methods have been developed to characterize Campylobacter species, but only a few are commonly used in molecular epidemiology studies. This review examines the applicability of these methods, as well as the role that emerging whole genome sequencing technologies will play in tracking sources of Campylobacter spp. infection.     

High resolution assembly and characterization of genomes of Canadian isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis

Background

There is a need to characterize genomes of the foodborne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and identify genetic information that could be ultimately deployed for differentiating strains of the organism, a need that is yet to be addressed mainly because of the high degree of clonality of the organism. In an effort to achieve the first characterization of the genomes of SE of Canadian origin, we carried out massively parallel sequencing of the nucleotide sequence of 11 SE isolates obtained from poultry production environments (n = 9), a clam and a chicken, assembled finished genomes and investigated diversity of the SE genome.

Results

The median genome size was 4,678,683 bp. A total of 4,833 chromosomal genes defined the pan genome of our field SE isolates consisting of 4,600 genes present in all the genomes, i.e., core genome, and 233 genes absent in at least one genome (accessory genome). Genome diversity was demonstrable by the presence of 1,360 loci showing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the core genome which was used to portray the genetic distances by means of a phylogenetic tree for the SE isolates. The accessory genome consisted mostly of previously identified SE prophage sequences as well as two, apparently full- sized, novel prophages namely a 28 kb sequence provisionally designated as SE-OLF-10058 (3) prophage and a 43 kb sequence provisionally designated as SE-OLF-10012 prophage.

Conclusions

The number of SNPs identified in the relatively large core genome of SE is a reflection of substantial diversity that could be exploited for strain differentiation as shown by the development of an informative phylogenetic tree. Prophage sequences can also be exploited for SE strain differentiation and lineage tracking. This work has laid the ground work for further studies to develop a readily adoptable laboratory test for the subtyping of SE.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-713) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Detection of sequence polymorphisms in red junglefowl and White Leghorn ESTs

Over 16,000 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from red junglefowl (RJ) and White Leghorn (WL) brain and testis cDNA libraries were generated. Here, we have used this resource for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and also completed full-length sequencing of 46 pairs of clones, representing the same gene from both the RJ and WL libraries. From the main set of ESTs, which were assembled using Phrap, 746 putative SNPs were identified, of which 76% were transitions and 24% were transversions. A subset of SNPs was evaluated by sequence analysis of five RJ and five WL birds. Nine of 12 SNPs were verified in this limited sample, suggesting that a majority of the putative polymorphisms documented in this study represent real SNPs. During full-length sequencing of the 46 RJ/WL clones 100 SNPs were identified, which translated to a frequency of 1.90 SNPs/1000 bp. The number of transitions and transversions were 77% and 23%, respectively, and the proportion of non-synonymous vs. synonymous SNPs was 20% and 80%, respectively. Four large insertions/deletions were identified between the RJ and WL full-length sequences, and they appear to represent different splice variants.     

爱玉子花发育的形态学研究

通过花序标记、形态解剖及放蜂实验方法,观察不同发育时期爱玉子雌、雄花序中花的形态特征,以及花发育与小蜂传粉(或产卵)之间的相关性。结果表明,雌前期、雌花期的瘿花在形态上没有明显变化,而雌花的花柱与柱头连成长鞭状,在雌前期呈直立管状,进入雌花期后呈弯曲的S形;在榕小蜂进入花序传粉或产卵5 d后,雌花和瘿花的柱头变黄,花柱开始脱水;在榕小蜂传粉或产卵10 d后,雌花和瘿花花梗伸长,花明显分层,胚迅速发育,子房饱满,花柱和柱头明显萎蔫。传粉小蜂在花序腔内的存活时长不超过3 d。本研究为揭示榕-蜂共生机制提供科学依据。