不等弯孢菌HS-FG-257中一个新的苯甲酸类化合物(英文)

从土壤不等弯孢菌HS-FG-257中分离得到4个化合物,通过波谱学鉴定为4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyoxy-3-methylbutyl)-benzoic acid(1),4-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-benzoic acid(2),4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoicacid(3)and radicinin(4),其中化合物1为新化合物。     

Degradation of Metsulfuron Methyl by Agaricus blazei Murrill Spent Compost Enzymes

Metsulfuron methyl (MM) is an herbicide used in cereal crops. The white rot mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill is an important edible and medicinal mushroom reported to be a major laccase producer, a lignin-degrading enzyme with low substrate specificity. A search for assaying the potential use of A. blazei spent mushroom compost (SMC) as a remediation tool for cleaning MM polluted soils was carried out. A phytotoxic dose of this herbicide was separately incubated with two enzyme preparations obtained from the SMC after the second mushroom fruiting flush; the phytotoxicity of the resulting reaction mixtures was then assayed by using a plantlet growing test with Brassica napus L. Thus, the crude enzyme SMC extract preparation (I) or the partially purified enzyme SMC extract (II) and their dilutions, 1:10 and 1:100, were mixed with MM (5 × 10^?3 ppm final concentration) and incubated at 25°C for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Plantlets separately exposed for 72 and 96 h to the resulting reaction mixtures between MM and those enzyme preparations showed a highly significant increase in their hypocotyl length with respect to plantlets exposed to MM alone. It was thus demonstrated the ability that complex enzyme fractions present in A. blazei SMC have to degrade MM during the right incubation time to compounds with no or lower phytotoxicity than this herbicide.     

Differentiation-related proteins of the broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae,as revealed by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

On artificial polyethylene membranes providing a thigmotropic signal, uredospores of the broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae differentiated a series of infection structures which in nature are necessary to invade the host tissue through the stomata. Within 24 h germ tubes, appressoria, substomatal vesicles, infection hyphae and haustorial mother cells were developed successively. Alterations in protein metabolism during infection structure differentiation of this obligate plant pathogen were analyzed in the absence of the host plant by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and silver staining. The norm pattern representing the 2-DE protein patterns of the whole developmental sequence of infection structures of U. viciae-fabae showed 733 spots. During infection structure differentiation 55 proteins were newly formed, altered in quantity, or disappeared. Major alterations in the protein pattern occurred during uredospore germination and when infection hyphae were formed. Uredospore germination was characterized by a decrease of acidic proteins and an increase mainly of proteins with isoelectric points ranging from weakly acidic to basic.Abbreviations 2-DE two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - DAPI 4,6-diamino-phenylindol - kDa kilo Dalton - pl isoelectric point - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis     

Endophytic Fusarium spp. affect yield,but can they be a solution for Botrytis control in vineyard production?

Vitis vinifera (grapevines) can form mutualistic associations with endophytic fungi. However, to date, there is not much information on the influence of endophytic Fusarium isolates on grapevine growth, oenological characteristics or their capabilities to suppress disease. In the present study, it was demonstrated on two grapevine varieties, in a field experiment, under natural conditions, that three isolates of Fusarium do indeed enter into mutualistic interactions with grapevines. Results indicate a complementary relationship between grape yield and Fusarium colonization. Plants treated with Fusarium isolates not only showed increased yield, but also had fewer losses due to shriveling and also had more robust development under unfavorable weather conditions. Furthermore, treatment with isolates of Fusarium solani and Fusarium subglutinans resulted in significantly lower gray mold incidence at rates of 80%.     

The Houses That Matsutake Built<Superscript>1</Superscript>

The Houses That Matsutake Built. In the mountains of northwest Yunnan, China, a valuable mushroom, matsutake or song rong (Tricholoma matsutake) was commodified in the 1980s. Since that time, it has been exported in large quantities to Japan. The sale of matsutake now contributes more to the income of Shangri-la County (Diqing Autonomous Tibetan Prefecture) than any other crop, including timber and livestock. During the 1980s and 1990s, villagers in this remote region used their mushroom earnings to build spacious, beautiful new houses in the traditional local (Kham) style, and in some cases to buy motor vehicles or open businesses. In villages with access to productive matsutake habitat, virtually every household was able to build a new house; entire villages were transformed. During the 1990s, several villages developed locally based management regimes to enhance production and to address the problems and conflicts that arose from the harvest of such a valuable product. More recently, government agencies and NGOs have played a highly visible role in promoting “sustainable” harvest policies. The implications of their involvement are briefly examined and the future of matsutake harvest in Yunnan is discussed.     

Some aspects of forest soil and litter ecology in the Dawyck Cryptogamic Sanctuary with a particular reference to fungi

Here we report on ecology and biodiversity of fungi in a unique mycological sanctuary in Britain, where data on species composition have been collected since 1994. To complement the biodiversity data by the information on the fungal ecological interactions and their role in the overall ecosystem functioning, soil properties and the composition of forest litter and field layer, bacterial population numbers and fungal biomass (in terms of ergosterol) were measured in 8 plots covered with different vegetations (beech, birch, birch-oak-beech, grass) over a May–Aug. period, and the results were analysed by correlation analysis and stepwise regression modelling together with data on protozoa and nematodes available from parallel research. The results highlighted the complexity of factors influencing temporal dynamics and spatial variability of fungal biomass in soil and forest litter. Most of the registered interactions appeared to be transient, and this should be taken into account while interpreting environmental observations. Interpretation of the specific relationships is given and implications for further research and overall ecosystem functioning are discussed.     

荒漠沙蒿根围AM真菌和DSE的空间分布

2009年7月在内蒙古黑城子北、多伦县城东和正蓝旗元上都遗址3个样地分别从0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30cm、30-40 cm和40-50 cm 5个土层采集沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)根围土壤和根样,系统研究了沙蒿根围AM真菌和DSE(Dark septate endophytes)的空间分布及与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明,沙蒿根系能被AM真菌高度侵染形成典型的I-型(Intermediate type)丛枝菌根,并发育形成泡囊和丛枝结构, 并与DSE形成良好的共生关系,样地生态条件和采样深度对AM真菌分布和活动有显著影响。黑城子样地孢子密度最高,元上都样地泡囊定殖率最高,不同样地间丛枝、菌丝、总定殖率和DSE定殖率无显著差异。孢子密度峰值出现在0-10cm表层土,并随土壤剖面深度增加而降低;泡囊定殖率峰值出现在10-20cm土层;AM真菌其他结构定殖率及DSE定殖率在各土层间差异不显著或变化无规律。孢子密度与AM真菌不同结构定殖率无显著相关性,与各土壤因子极显著正相关。泡囊定殖率与脲酶和碱性磷酸酶极显著负相关,与酸性磷酸酶显著负相关。菌丝定殖率、总定殖率及DSE定殖率与各土壤因子均无显著相关性。土壤碱解N和有机C与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶极显著正相关;土壤速效P与碱性磷酸酶极显著正相关,与脲酶显著正相关。对沙蒿根系AM真菌和DSE真菌分布和定殖规律的研究,可进一步明确AM真菌和DSE的生态功能,为利用菌根生物技术促进荒漠植被恢复和生态重建提供依据。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on tree growth, leaf water potential, and levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and ethylene in the roots of papaya under water-stress conditions

 Seedlings of papaya (Carica papaya L. var. Solo) were transplanted to pots with or without an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall). After 3 months, half the plants were subjected to water stress by withdrawing irrigation. The leaf water potential (LWP) was measured during 20 days of water-stress treatment and then the plants were harvested. Root ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations were measured and plant fresh weight determined. The LWP decreased during the water-stress treatment and this decrease was more severe in the non-AM plants. Plant fresh weight was higher for AM than non-AM plants under both conditions. Under well-irrigated conditions, the ethylene concentration in the roots was increased by the presence of AM, although there was no significant difference between AM and non-AM roots in ACC levels. ACC increased in both AM and non-AM roots under water-stress conditions. The water-stress treatment resulted in a marked increase in ethylene concentration in non-AM roots but the concentration in AM roots was slightly lower than under normal conditions. Accepted: 7 July 2000     

PCR with degenerate primers amplifies a subgenomic DNA fragment from the endoglucanase gene(s) of Torula thermophila, a thermophilic fungus

The aim of this study was to enable the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA fragments within endoglucanase gene(s) of Torula thermophila, by using degenerate primers so that the amplified fragment(s) could be used as homologous probe(s) for cloning of full-length endoglucanase gene(s). The design of the degenerate PCR primers was mainly based on the endoglucanase sequences of other fungi. The endoglucanase gene sequence of Humicola insolens was the only sequence from a thermophilic fungus publicly available in the literature. Therefore, the endoglucanase sequences of the two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were used to generalize the primers. PCR amplification of T. thermophila genomic DNA with these primers resilied in a specific amplification. The specificity of the amplified fragment was shown by Southern hybridization analysis using egl3 gene of T. reesei as probe. This result suggested that the degenerate primers used in this study may be of value for studies aimed at cloning of endoglucanase genes from a range of related fungi.