肾静态显像诊断上尿路感染的临床研究

目的:探究肾静态显像(99m Tc-DMSA)在上尿路感染诊断工作中的应用意义。方法:选取2012年7月至2015年2月我院收治的60例上尿路感染患儿为研究对象,均行肾静态显像检查,并与B超检查结果进行对比分析。结果:肾静态显像提示:60例上尿路感染患儿中,肾脏损害占90.00%,其中8例肾疤痕形成,46例急性肾盂肾炎改变,6例正常;在肾脏病变范围上,≤2岁年龄组患儿较2岁年龄组患儿更为广泛,且前者程度更为严重。B超提示肾脏损害占26.67%,其中18例尿路感染反复发作;16例(26.67%)伴有急性肾盂肾炎改变,未检出肾疤痕。B超诊断上尿路感染的阳性率达26.67%,肾静态显像检查诊断上尿路感染的阳性率为90.00%,两者比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论:99mTc-DMSA在上尿路感染诊断工作中具有重要的应用意义,可明确病变性质、程度及范围,并可随访病变转归,指导临床治疗,属于上尿路感染的实验室补充性指标,值得临床积极推广。     

斜带石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)杂交子代(青龙斑)消化系统的早期发育

本文研究斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(E.lanceolatus)(♂)杂交子代(青龙斑)仔、稚、幼鱼的消化系统发育,描述了其消化器官发育过程和组织学结构特征,充实青龙斑生物学研究文库,为其发育生物学研究和苗种培育提供技术支撑。青龙斑苗种培育于2012年6~8月期间进行。水温为(30±1)℃,盐度为28±1。利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对出膜后0~40日龄幼鱼的消化系统进行了观察和研究。消化系统发育可划分为内源性营养、混合营养和外源性营养3个阶段:0至3日龄为内源性营养阶段,初孵仔鱼消化管为一简单的直形管,卵黄囊大,椭圆形,口和肛门尚未与外界相通;口腔中出现鳃弓的雏形,3日龄仔鱼食道由2~3层的复层立方上皮细胞组成,形成较低的褶皱;胃与小肠和食道的分界明显,上皮由单层柱状细胞组成;肠道分化,肛门开通体外,开始摄食;肝细胞团和胰腺细胞团形成。4~5日龄为混合营养阶段,6日龄之后进入外源性营养阶段,卵黄囊已经完全被吸收,前、中、后肠和直肠区分明显,肠黏膜上皮中出现少量的杯状细胞,由肠腔面向深层依次可以分为黏膜层、黏膜下层和浆膜层,肌层不明显。至25日龄,消化系统的结构和功能已经较为完善。38日龄时,胃、幽门盲囊、肠以及直肠各段分界明显,黏膜褶皱高度为前肠中肠后肠;肌层厚度为后肠前肠中肠;消化道和消化腺组织结构与成鱼基本相同。青龙斑的消化系统发育和分化是与其生理功能的逐步完善同步的。     

Spatial separation of replisome arrest sites influences homologous recombination quality at a Tus/Ter-mediated replication fork barrier

The Escherichia coli replication fork arrest complex Tus/Ter mediates site-specific replication fork arrest and homologous recombination (HR) on a mammalian chromosome, inducing both conservative “short tract” gene conversion (STGC) and error-prone “long tract” gene conversion (LTGC) products. We showed previously that bidirectional fork arrest is required for the generation of STGC products at Tus/Ter-stalled replication forks and that the HR mediators BRCA1, BRCA2 and Rad51 mediate STGC but suppress LTGC at Tus/Ter-arrested forks. Here, we report the impact of Ter array length on Tus/Ter-induced HR, comparing HR reporters containing arrays of 6, 9, 15 or 21 Ter sites—each targeted to the ROSA26 locus of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Increasing Ter copy number within the array beyond 6 did not affect the magnitude of Tus/Ter-induced HR but biased HR in favor of LTGC. A “lock”-defective Tus mutant, F140A, known to exhibit higher affinity than wild type (wt)Tus for duplex Ter, reproduced these effects. In contrast, increasing Ter copy number within the array reduced HR induced by the I-SceI homing endonuclease, but produced no consistent bias toward LTGC. Thus, the mechanisms governing HR at Tus/Ter-arrested replication forks are distinct from those governing HR at an enzyme-induced chromosomal double strand break (DSB). We propose that increased spatial separation of the 2 arrested forks encountering an extended Tus/Ter barrier impairs the coordination of DNA ends generated by the processing of the stalled forks, thereby favoring aberrant LTGC over conservative STGC.     

绍兴地区2型糖尿病尿路感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

摘要：目的 回顾分析本院2型糖尿病伴尿路感染患者的病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为指导临床用药提供参考。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年1月2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者186例,留取中段尿分离培养病原菌,用VITEK-2细菌鉴定仪鉴定,纸片扩散法（K-B）测定药物敏感性。结果 186例患者中段尿共培养出病原菌137株,其中革兰阴性菌102株（74.45%）,革兰阳性菌21株（15.33%）,真菌14株（10.22%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,检出79株占57.66%,对青霉素类,头孢菌素类,喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药率较高均＞50.00%,对头霉素类药物如头孢替坦、含酶抑制剂复合物如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以及碳青霉烯类药物敏感率均达100.00%;革兰阳性球菌以无乳链球菌为主,检出10株占7.30%,对克林霉素及红霉素耐药率较高,耐药率＞50.00%,而对氯霉素、呋喃妥因、利奈唑烷、替加环素、万古霉素敏感率均达100.00%。除1株光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑中介,其余13株真菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑这5种抗真菌药物均敏感。结论 2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且有较高的耐药率。     

外源激素对马尾松花芽分化及内源物质的影响

为探讨马尾松球花形成与植物激素水平的关系,该研究对贵州省都匀无性系种子园11年生马尾松进行不同浓度的 IAA、IBA、GA3、BAP等植物激素处理,采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法、蒽酮法分别对不同浓度不同激素处理后的枝条上针叶中的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量变化进行测定,并在第二年开花时对试验枝条的开花情况进行了调查。结果表明：在8－11月份,进行500 mg·L-1的BAP 处理有利于马尾松雌球花和雄球花的形成,100 mg·L-1的GA3处理有利于马尾松雌球花的形成;而GA3250 mg·L-1和GA3500 mg·L-1处理有利于马尾松雄球花的形成,IAA 250 mg·L-1对马尾松雌雄球花同枝的数量有提高作用。在10－11月份,对马尾松进行500 mg·L-1的BAP、IAA、GA3处理后,马尾松针叶内蛋白质含量变化有显著影响;在10月份时,进行BAP 100 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白含量均可达到极显著水平。而在8月份与10月份时,分别进行IBA 100 mg·L-1与IBA 250 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与其对照差异处于极显著水平;在11月份时,进行GA3100 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与其对照差异处于极显著水平;而在11月份时,进行IBA 500 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与对照差异处于显著水平。     

Early constraints in sexual dimorphism: survival benefits of feminized phenotypes

Sexual dimorphism (SD) has evolved in response to selection pressures that differ between sexes. Since such pressures change across an individual's life, SD may vary within age classes. Yet, little is known about how selection on early phenotypes may drive the final SD observed in adults. In many dimorphic species, juveniles resemble adult females rather than adult males, meaning that out of the selective pressures established by sexual selection feminized phenotypes may be adaptive. If true, fitness benefits of early female‐like phenotypes may constrain the expression of male phenotypes in adulthood. Using the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus as a study model, we evaluated the fitness advantages of expressing more feminized phenotypes at youth. Although more similar to adult females than to adult males, common kestrel fledglings are still sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. Integrating morphological and chromatic variables, we analysed the phenotypic divergence between sexes as a measure of how much each individual looks like the sex to which it belongs (phenotypic sexual resemblance, PSR). We then tested the fitness benefits associated with PSR by means of the probability of recruitment in the population. We found a significant interaction between PSR and sex, showing that in both sexes more feminized phenotypes recruited more into the population than less feminized phenotypes. Moreover, males showed lower PSR than females and a higher proportion of incorrect sex classifications. These findings suggest that the mechanisms in males devoted to resembling female phenotypes in youth, due to a trend to increase fitness through more feminized phenotypes, may provide a mechanism to constrain the SD in adulthood.     

One size fits all? Determinants of sperm transfer in a highly dimorphic orb‐web spider

The evolutionary significance of widespread hypo‐allometric scaling of genital traits in combination with rapid interspecific genital trait divergence has been of key interest to evolutionary biologists for many years and remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a detailed assessment of quantitative genital trait variation in males and females of the sexually highly dimorphic and cannibalistic orb‐weaving spider Argiope aurantia. We then test how this trait variation relates to sperm transfer success. In particular, we test specific predictions of the one‐size‐fits‐all and lock‐and‐key hypotheses for the evolution of genital characters. We use video‐taped staged matings in a controlled environment with subsequent morphological microdissections and sperm count analyses. We find little support for the prediction of the one‐size‐fits‐all hypothesis for the evolution of hypo‐allometric scaling of genital traits, namely that intermediate trait dimensions confer highest sperm transfer success. Likewise, our findings do not support the prediction of the lock‐and‐key hypothesis that a tight fit of male and female genital traits mediates highest sperm transfer success. We do, however, detect directional effects of a number of male and female genital characters on sperm transfer, suggesting that genital trait dimensions are commonly under selection in nature. Importantly, even though females are much larger than males, spermatheca size limits the number of sperm transferred, contradicting a previous hypothesis about the evolutionary consequences of genital size dimorphism in extremely size‐dimorphic taxa. We also find strong positive effects of male body size and copulation duration on the probability of sperm transfer and the number of sperm transferred, with implications for the evolution of extreme sexual size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism in orb weavers.     

Mate choice and the operational sex ratio: an experimental test with robotic crabs

The operational sex ratio (OSR: sexually active males: receptive females) predicts the intensity of competition for mates. It is less clear, however, under what circumstances, the OSR predicts the strength of sexual selection – that is, the extent to which variation in mating success is attributable to traits that increase the bearer's attractiveness and/or fighting ability. To establish causality, experiments that manipulate the OSR are required. Furthermore, if it is possible to control for any OSR‐dependent changes in the chosen sex (e.g. changes in male courtship), we can directly test whether the OSR affects the behaviour of the choosing sex (e.g. female choice decisions). We conducted female mate choice experiments in the field using robotic models of male fiddler crabs (Uca mjoebergi). We used a novel design with two females tested sequentially per trial. As in nature, the choice of the first female to mate therefore affected the mates available to the next female. In general, we detected significant sexual selection due to female choice for ‘males’ with larger claws. Importantly, the strength of sexual selection did not vary across five different OSR/density treatments. However, as the OSR decreased (hence the number of available males declined), females chose the ‘males’ with the largest claws available significantly more often than expected by chance. Possible reasons for this mismatch between the expected and observed effects of the OSR on the strength of sexual selection are discussed.     

Female behaviour and the interaction of male and female genital traits mediate sperm transfer during mating

Natural selection and post‐copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes shape the evolution of specific genital traits are to determine their function experimentally and to understand the interactions between female and male genitalia during copulation. Our experimental manipulations of male and female genitalia in red‐sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) reveal that copulation duration and copulatory plug deposition, as well as total and oviductal/vaginal sperm counts, are influenced by the interaction between male and female genital traits and female behaviour during copulation. By mating females with anesthetized cloacae to males with spine‐ablated hemipenes using a fully factorial design, we identified significant female–male copulatory trait interactions and found that females prevent sperm from entering their oviducts by contracting their vaginal pouch. Furthermore, these muscular contractions limit copulatory plug size, whereas the basal spine of the male hemipene aids in sperm and plug transfer. Our results are consistent with a role of sexual conflict in mating interactions and highlight the evolutionary importance of female resistance to reproductive outcomes.     

Magico‐spiritual power,female sexuality and ritual sex in Muslim Java: Unveiling the kesekten of magical women

This article argues that in practice, concepts of magico‐spiritual power (Javanese: kesekten; Indonesian: kesaktian) are linked with sexuality, particularly female sexuality, in some segments of contemporary Central and East Javanese Muslim society. Few scholars have turned attention to the interconnectedness of these seemingly contradictory topics. Feminist studies tend to focus on the ways in which women locate themselves within and critique Sharia‐based discursive and social orders, without considering the roles that magico‐spiritual power and associated practices play in these Islamic systems or in Islam in a more general sense. Similarly, male scholarship that considers the cultural relevance of Islam and magic rarely refers to gendered and sexual dimensions as praxis from a feminist perspective. By drawing on examples of ‘magical women’ including the Javanese spirit queen of the southern ocean Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kidul, the historical Hindu figure Ken Dedes, and contemporary ritual sex practices at a Muslim saint's grave, we show how women, female spiritual beings and female sexuality, and sexuality in general, can be considered sources of magico‐spiritual power in Muslim Java. Our arguments conclude that in Javanese Islam, transgression of Sharia sexual norms can be both a sign and a source of magico‐spiritual power.