转基因棉籽亚慢性毒性的研究

目的:转基因棉籽对SD大鼠亚慢性毒性的研究。方法:选取出生6-8周的SPF级SD大鼠140只,雌雄各半,按体重随机分成7组,分别连续饲喂含普通棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料和含转基因棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料以及基础饲料30天。实验过程中监测动物体重、进食量和进水量,结束后分别测定各组动物的血常规、血生化、脏体指数等指标。结果:实验期间各组动物均生长发育良好,无中毒死亡现象发生。实验组实验动物的各项指标与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P≥0.05)。结论:本研究未发现转基因棉籽对实验动物有亚慢性毒性。     

光肩星天牛与星天牛种间竞争行为研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和星天牛Anoplophora chinensis是我国两种重要的林业蛀干害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为了阐明两种星天牛之间的物种竞争关系,本文采用行为观察试验,研究两种星天牛寄主危害部位、异种危害寄主识别和种间争斗行为等试验。结果显示,光肩星天牛和星天牛在寄主植物上的取食危害部位有很大差异,光肩星天牛主要取食寄主植物的枝条上部,取食面积为2 390.0 mm²,占整个寄主植物取食面积的69.3%,星天牛主要取食寄主植物的树干上部,取食面积为3 140.0 mm²,占整个寄主植物的96.6%;两种星天牛都能识别异种天牛危害过的寄主,对其具有显著的回避性,其中光肩星天牛对星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为420.8 mm²,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值2 518.8 mm²,同样,星天牛对光肩星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为436.8 mm²,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值1 803.5 mm²,而对同...     

The effects of posterolateral spine length and body length on feeding rate in the rotifer,Brachionus calyciflorus

The length of the posterolateral spines in the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, is variable. The effect of the length of these spines on the clearance rates of B. calyciflorus was examined under laboratory conditions using radioactively-labelled yeast (Rhodotorula) and bacteria (Aerobacter). The hypothesis that individuals with longer spines have higher clearance rates than those of similarly-sized individuals with shorter spines was rejected. The effect of body length (L) on the clearance rates (C) of short-spined and long-spined animals was also examined. Statistically significant linear regressions of the form log₁₀ C = aL + b, were derived for both types. The slopes of both regressions were similar and suggest that clearance rate in B. calyciflorus increases as a cube function of body length.     

Uptake of radiolabeled copper from portal blood containing fructose or glucose

The present investigation was designed to study the uptake of⁶⁷Cu when administered directly, into the portal vein, along with either functose or glucose, by the liver and extrahepatic tissues. Following weaning, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 3 wk either commercial laboratory ration (chow) or semipurified diets deficient in Cu (0.6 ppm) or supplemented with Cu (6.0 ppm) and containing 62% carbohydrate as either fructuse or cornstarch. After an overnight fast, a single dose of rat plasma (0.1 mL) containing fructose or glucose extrinsically labeled with⁶⁷Cu was injected directly into their portal vein. Although not always statistically significant, rats fed chow retained more radioactivity in the liver and several extrahepatic tissues when⁶⁷Cu was administered with fructose than with glucose. Regardless of Cu status, rats fed diets containing fructose retained more radioactivity in extrahepatic tissues than rats fed starch. There was an increased uptake of⁶⁷Cu by the liver, blood, muscle, and fat pad when fructose as compared to glucose was injected in combination with the isotope. These data strongly suggest that Cu requirements or utilization are greater when fructose is the main dietary carbohydrate. The results may also in part explain the reason for the increased severity of Cu deficiency in rats fed fructose.     

昆虫细胞（Sf21）悬浮培养过程中生长限制性基质间歇补加技术的 …

基于ｒ２１昆虫细胞在浮过程中所表现出的生长代谢特征,提出以培养液中残糖浓度作为控制参数,并利用限制性基质（葡萄糖和蛋白水解物）的间歇补加技术调控细胞生长的方案。实际控制表明：与批培养相比,Ｓ１ｆ２１细胞在两种具代表性的昆虫水解物）的间歇补加调控细胞生长的方案。实际控制表明：与批培养相比,Ｓｆ２１细胞在两种具代表性的昆虫细胞培养基（ＩＰＬ－４１和ＴＣ－１００）中的生长期和稳定期部都到有效的延长。ＴＣ     

Immunocytochemical localization of tubulins in spermatids and spermatozoa of Euptoieta hegesia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

A comparative analysis of the distribution of tubulin types in apyrene and eupyrene sperm of Euptoieta hegesia butterflies was carried out, also verifying the presence of tubulin in lacinate appendages of the eupyrene sperm. Ultrathin sections of LR White embedded spermatids and spermatozoa were labeled for alpha, beta, gamma, alpha-acetylated and alpha-tyrosinated tubulins. Apyrene and eupyrene spermatids show the same antibody recognition pattern for tubulins. All tubulin types were detected in axonemal microtubules. Alpha and gamma tubulins were also detected on the cytoplasmic microtubules. However, for beta and tyrosinated tubulins only scattered labeling was detected on cytoplasmic microtubules and acetylated tubulin was not detected. In apyrene and eupyrene spermatozoa only the axoneme labeling was analyzed since cytoplasmic microtubules no longer exist in these cells. Alpha, beta and tyrosinated tubulins were easily detected on the apyrene and eupyrene axoneme; gamma tubulin was strongly marked on eupyrene axonemes but was scattered on the apyrene ones. Acetylated tubulin appeared with scattered labeling on the axoneme of both sperm types. Our results demonstrate significant differences in tubulin distribution in apyrene and eupyrene axonemal and cytoplasmic microtubules. Extracellular structures, especially the lacinate appendages, were not labeled by antibodies for any tubulin.     

Interspecific comparison of the fecal microbiota structure in three Arctic migratory bird species

The gut microbiota of birds is known to be characterized for different species, although it may change with feeding items. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of birds with different feeding behaviors in the same habitat. We collected fecal samples from three Arctic species, snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis, sanderlings Calidris alba, and pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus that are phylogenetically quite distant in different families to evaluate effects of diet on gut microbiota. Also, we characterized the prevalence of fecal bacteria using the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our NMDS results showed that fecal bacteria of snow buntings and sanderlings were significantly distant from those of pink‐footed geese. Although all three birds were occupied by three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, dominant taxa still varied among the species. Our bacterial sequences showed that snow buntings and sanderlings were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while pink‐footed geese were dominated by Proteobacteria. In addition, the bacterial diversity in snow buntings and sanderlings was significantly higher than that in pink‐footed geese. Our results suggest that insectivorous feeding diet of snow buntings and sanderlings could be responsible for the similar bacterial communities between the two species despite the distant phylogenetic relationship. The distinctive bacterial community in pink‐footed geese was discussed to be related with their herbivorous diet.     

Effects of host plant drought stress on the performance of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.): a mechanistic analysis

Abstract.  1. The growth (increase in height and leaf number) of four grass species was reduced by a −0.5 MPa drought stress, but the performance of an associated herbivore, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was not affected consistently. The intrinsic rate of increase of R. padi was reduced by drought stress on three grass species, including Dactylis glomerata (L.), but was unaffected on Arrhenatherum elatius (L.). Therefore, there is no general relationship in the effect of plant drought on an insect herbivore, even among closely related host plant species.
2. Drought stress increased the quality of plant phloem sap, as indicated by increased sieve element osmotic pressure and essential amino acid concentrations. Thus, diet quality could not account for the reduced performance of R. padi under drought stress. The concentration of essential amino acids in the phloem of well-watered A. elatius was, however, lower than that of well-watered D. glomerata , correlating with the decreased performance of aphids on well-watered A. elatius .
3. There were no differences in aphid feeding duration between watering treatments or plant species but sap ingestion rates were reduced significantly under drought stress.
4. Using the measure of dietary amino acid concentrations and the estimate of sap ingestion, the essential amino acid flux through aphids was calculated. Compared with the flux through aphids feeding on well-watered D. glomerata , there was a reduction in aphids feeding on drought-stressed D. glomerata and drought-stressed A. elatius due to lower sap ingestion rates. The flux through aphids on well-watered A. elatius was also reduced due to low phloem essential amino acid concentrations. Thus, the performance of an aphid is correlated with the availability and accessibility of essential amino acids.     

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor,corticotropin‐releasing factor,and hypothalamic neuronal histamine interact to regulate feeding behavior

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), and hypothalamic neuronal histamine are anorexigenic substances within the hypothalamus. This study examined the interactions among BDNF, CRF, and histamine during the regulation of feeding behavior in rodents. Food intake was measured after treatment with BDNF, α‐fluoromethyl histidine (FMH; a specific suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase that depletes hypothalamic neuronal histamine), or CRF antagonist. We measured food intake in wild‐type mice and mice with targeted disruption of the histamine H1 receptor (H1KO mice) after central BDNF infusion. Furthermore, we investigated CRF content and histamine turnover in the hypothalamus after BDNF treatment, and conversely, BDNF content in the hypothalamus after histamine treatment. We used immunohistochemical staining for histamine H1 receptors (H1‐R) in BDNF neurons. BDNF‐induced feeding suppression was partially attenuated in rats pre‐treated with FMH or a CRF antagonist, and in H1KO mice. BDNF treatment increased CRF content and histamine turnover in the hypothalamus. Histamine increased BDNF content in the hypothalamus. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that H1‐Rs were expressed on BDNF neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that CRF and hypothalamic neuronal histamine mediate the suppressive effects of BDNF on feeding behavior and body weight.