短时高温暴露对莲草直胸跳甲生殖特性的影响

以莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt为对象, 测定了在不同高温（37, 39, 41, 43, 45±0.5℃）下暴露1 h后, 莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵量及后代存活力等生殖适应性指标的差异。结果表明: （1）莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命随暴露温度的升高而降低, 25℃恒温条件下, 雌成虫寿命平均为37.4 d, 而45℃高温暴露1 h后, 雌虫寿命仅为20.0 d; （2）莲草直胸跳甲雌虫的产卵前期随暴露温度升高而显著延长, 25℃恒温条件下雌虫产卵前期平均为4.1 d; 39℃高温暴露1 h后产卵前期延长至4.8 d, 45℃高温暴露1 h后延长至7.3 d; （3）短时高温暴露显著降低莲草直胸跳甲的单雌产卵量, 25℃恒温条件下单雌产卵量平均为965.1粒, 39℃暴露1 h后, 其产卵量为638.7粒, 45℃暴露1 h后低于260粒; （4）短时高温暴露对莲草直胸跳甲后代存活能力有显著的影响, 随着温度的升高, F1代卵的孵化率从95.4%降低至89.2%, F1代成虫的羽化率从87.0%下降到71.3%。以上结果表明, 短时高温暴露导致莲草直胸跳甲生殖适应性下降。     

A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern,temperate, and subtropical wetlands

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane. Here, we assess controls on methane flux using a database of approximately 19 000 instantaneous measurements from 71 wetland sites located across subtropical, temperate, and northern high latitude regions. Our analyses confirm general controls on wetland methane emissions from soil temperature, water table, and vegetation, but also show that these relationships are modified depending on wetland type (bog, fen, or swamp), region (subarctic to temperate), and disturbance. Fen methane flux was more sensitive to vegetation and less sensitive to temperature than bog or swamp fluxes. The optimal water table for methane flux was consistently below the peat surface in bogs, close to the peat surface in poor fens, and above the peat surface in rich fens. However, the largest flux in bogs occurred when dry 30‐day averaged antecedent conditions were followed by wet conditions, while in fens and swamps, the largest flux occurred when both 30‐day averaged antecedent and current conditions were wet. Drained wetlands exhibited distinct characteristics, e.g. the absence of large flux following wet and warm conditions, suggesting that the same functional relationships between methane flux and environmental conditions cannot be used across pristine and disturbed wetlands. Together, our results suggest that water table and temperature are dominant controls on methane flux in pristine bogs and swamps, while other processes, such as vascular transport in pristine fens, have the potential to partially override the effect of these controls in other wetland types. Because wetland types vary in methane emissions and have distinct controls, these ecosystems need to be considered separately to yield reliable estimates of global wetland methane release.     

两种共存网蛱蝶幼期的生命表研究

在河北省赤城县大海坨国家自然保护区内,从2002年到2004年应用生命表方法研究了在同一网络斑块中共存的金堇蛱蝶Euphydryas aurinia和大网蛱蝶Melitaea phoebe两个世代的幼期各阶段的死亡情况,目的是了解影响种群动态的重要因子,为它们的长期保育提供信息。结果表明,金堇蛱蝶幼期总累积死亡率都较小,两个世代分别为59%和72%; 而大网蛱蝶总累积死亡率较高,两个世代分别为89%和80%。影响大网蛱蝶死亡的最重要因子是放牧,两个世代与放牧相关的k值分别为0.559和0.167;尤其是在越冬后大网蛱蝶幼虫组聚集取食阶段,导致两个世代分别有50%和25%的幼虫组死亡。寄生蜂在大网蛱蝶小种群下也分别使两个世代4%和9%的5～6龄期幼虫以及13%和24%的蛹死亡。金堇蛱蝶死亡主要发生在越冬期,与越冬死亡相关的k值两个世代分别为0.073和0.199, 而寄主植物的质量影响越冬期幼虫组死亡; 寄生蜂则对金堇蛱蝶种群的调控作用极小,只有在2003～2004世代有4.0% 的越冬后幼虫被寄生和7%的蛹被寄生。影响两种蛱蝶种群动态的关键因子不同,采取的保护措施应有所不同。在春季减少源斑块内的放牧,对于以源-汇集合种群形式存在的大网蛱蝶种群恢复和增长十分必要; 而对以经典集合种群形式存在的金堇蛱蝶, 通过适当植被管理提高繁殖区域内寄主植物质量,可以提高越冬期幼虫组存活率,有利于其长期持续生存。     

The influence of local elevation on the effects of secondary salinity in remnant eucalypt woodlands: Changes in understorey communities

Increasing land salinization in Australia is predicted to lead to severe declines in species diversity in affected areas, and perhaps significant numbers of species extinctions. Much of the diversity that will be lost consists of understorey and mid-storey species, yet the overwhelming majority of research has focussed on salinity tolerance in tree species. We investigated how the presence of a shallow, saline water table affected the understorey species composition, species richness and species diversity in two remnant Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely woodlands in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Species richness and species diversity were significantly lower in areas with a shallow water table at elevations < 0.5 m above the lowest local elevation, compared with both higher elevations and with areas of low elevation without a shallow water table. Species composition (Bray-Curtis similarities) was also significantly different in low elevation, saline areas. At one site, saline areas were colonized by native and alien species that were not present in the surrounding vegetation, yet the community that has developed does not contain either the species or structural diversity of the surrounding system. At the other site, no colonisation of saline areas by new species occurred. Even though small differences in elevation (< 0.5 m) at our study sites were important in moderating the impacts of salinity in areas with a shallow water table, the loss of species diversity, species richness and structural complexity in low-lying elevations indicated that the ecological risk from secondary salinity to species associated only with drainage lines, seasonally wet flats and other low-lying areas is severe. The priority is to identify those vegetation communities that are restricted to only low relative elevations within the landscape and that only occur in remnants predicted to be at a high risk of developing a shallow and saline water table.     

在年龄结构化动物种群的分析过程中常见的几种错误

分析动物各年龄组的种群数据有助于推断影响动物种群发展趋势的诸因素,而且便于设计出种群层次。然而,在研究近期文献资料时,我们发现存在三种错误。这些错误均可导致非正确的解释。即:1)在生命表分析中,将Sx与lx等同(Sx由各死亡年龄组推导而出,lx为存活率);2)在综合跨年龄组的成雌生育率时,不计算该年龄组的成雌死亡数;3)在用Leslie矩阵计算周限增长率时,以mx取代Fx。我们将探讨上述错误的含义及后果,并提出解决方法。     

非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾种群控制作用评价

通过建立实验种群生命表和自然种群生命表,应用种群趋势指数(indexofpopulationtrend,I)和干扰作用控制指数(interferenceindexofpopulationcontrol,IIPC),评价花椒(Zanthoxylumbungeanum)、细叶桉(Eucalyptustereticornis)、烟草(Nicotianatabacum)、构树(Broussonetiapapyrifera)、羊蹄甲(Bauhiniavariegata)、假莲翘(Durantarepens)、飞扬草(Euphorbiahirta)、茶枯(Camelliaoleifera)8种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾实验种群的控制作用,以及细叶桉、烟草、茶枯3种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物及其混合液对小菜蛾自然种群的控制作用.室内试验结果表明,在各种植物乙醇提取物作用下,I值从小到大的顺序为4.4842(细叶桉)、5.3702(花椒)、5.5199(飞扬草)、6.1609(假莲翘)、6.8937(羊蹄甲)8.0945(烟草)、9.8052(茶枯)、11.1382(构树),对照的I值为69.8964;IIPC值从小到大的顺序为0.0642(细叶桉)、0.0768(花椒)、0.0790(飞扬草)、0.0881(假莲翘)、0.0986(羊蹄甲)、0.1158(烟草)、0.1403(茶枯)、0.1594(构树),说明供试植物提取物对小菜蛾实验种群增长都有一定的抑制和干扰作用.小菜蛾自然种群生命表研究结果表明,在各种植物乙醇提取物作用下,I值从小到大的顺序为5.1997(细叶桉)、7.4160(烟草)、7.3644(茶枯)和3.1399(混合液),对照的I值为21.6232;IIPC值从小到大的顺序为混合液(0.1608)、细叶桉(0.2405)、茶枯(0.3549)、烟草(0.3695),说明供试植物提取物都能明显降低种群趋势指数,在一定程度上抑制和干扰小菜蛾自然种群增长,在生产中有一定的应用前景.     

阿拉善黄鼠的生命表及繁殖

将采自野生种群的阿拉善黄鼠(Spermophilus dauricus alaschanicus Buechner)( 下称黄鼠)样本划分为8个年龄间隔,然后编制生命表。结果表明,黄鼠的平均死亡率(qx)为0.7512(♂)和0．6222(♀),平均寿命为1.3311年(♂)和1.1073年(♀)。0-l岁龄黄鼠的期望寿命(ex)为0.8311年(♂)和1.1073年(♀)。世代净增殖率(R_o)每代为l.7327。种群内禀增长率(瞬时)(r_m)为0.1433,世代平均时间(T)为3.8346年,周限增长率(r)为1.1541/年。     

西花蓟马取食不同豆科蔬菜的实验种群生命表

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是传入我国的重要入侵害虫,在贵阳地区对豆科蔬菜为害十分严重。在25℃条件下,组建了西花蓟马取食大豆叶片、豇豆叶片、四季豆叶片和四季豆豆荚时的实验种群生命表。结果表明:西花蓟马未成熟期取食四季豆豆荚时存活率最高,取食其它3种豆科蔬菜时存活率相差不大。西花蓟马取食四季豆豆荚时内禀增长力最高为0.1626,取食豇豆叶片时最低为0.0834,净增值率也是取食四季豆豆荚时最高,取食大豆叶片时最低,表明四季豆豆荚最有利于西花蓟马的生长发育和繁殖。在不同豆科蔬菜上的稳定年龄组配中未成熟期所占的比例很大,而成虫期所占的比例相对较小。     

比哈小爪螨实验种群生命表的研究

本文研究了比哈小爪螨5个温度梯度的实验种群生命表.结果表明15 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最小,分别为0.0235和1.0238,种群倍增时间最长(29.47 d);35 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大,分别为0.3069和0.3592,种群倍增时间最短(2.26 d),说明高温有利于该螨种群的增长.25 ℃时净增殖率最大(56.30).35 ℃的世代生长周期最短(11.97 d).15 ℃时其寿命最长(98.90±20.77 d),35 ℃时寿命最短(19.00±3.11 d).最高平均产卵量71.60粒/雌和最高日平均产卵量4.10粒/雌/天均在25 ℃时出现.15 ℃时平均产卵量最低(8.80粒/雌),日平均产卵量仅有0.34粒/雌/天.最大日产卵量出现在35 ℃时(12.00粒/雌/天).     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的生态分组

应用列联表的χ~2检验和Spearman相关系数研究了艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的种间联结性和相关性.依据测定结果,将艾比湖湿地自然保护区的植物划分为4个生态种组:梭梭+盐节木+白麻+盐爪爪+琵琶柴+碱蓬+花花柴+骆驼刺+绢蒿+白刺+芦苇、小獐茅+多枝柽柳+滨藜+小叶碱蓬+盐豆木+鹅绒藤+盐穗木、胡杨+白梭梭、奶浆草+甘草+西北天门冬+赖草+罗布麻.各生态种组内,物种间具备最大的种问联结性和相关性.长期的演替过程使各生态种组对生境有最大的适应能力,各自分别生活于过渡带的盐化平原低地、湖滨盐沼地、荒漠和荒漠优势种间的阳斑.今后在艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的保护和恢复中,以整个生态种组的角度出发较单个植物的保护和恢复更为有效.