不同温湿度条件下飞虱虫疠霉对桃蚜生殖力和内禀增长力的影响

对7日龄桃蚜 Myzus persicae用高剂量飞虱虫疠霉Pandora delphacis接种后,饲养于不同温(10～30℃)、湿(74%～100%RH)度组合条件下观察其生殖力及内禀增长力(r_m) 的变化。结果表明,被接种个体生殖力比对照显著降低,且下降幅度受温度、湿度及温湿互作的影响。在各处理组合中,尤其以20～30℃和95%～100%RH的条件下下降更为明显。各处理r_m在不同温度间差异显著,均随温度呈抛物线形变化,25℃下达最高,但不同湿度间差异不显著。与对照相比,被接种蚜的r_m>除10℃与各湿度组合间无显著差异外,其余温湿组合下均显著低于对照。上述分析表明,飞虱虫疠霉的侵染能显著影响桃蚜生殖力及r_m,尤其是在桃蚜繁殖的最适温度范围内效果最为明显。     

家蝇幼虫中试生产中饲料和种蝇密度对产卵力的影响

研究了家蝇Musca domestica幼虫中试生产中的种蝇产卵力。结果表明,以红糖、奶粉作为种蝇饲料时产卵力最高,在饲料中加入蔬菜汁有助于提高种蝇产卵力。在设置的种蝇密度范围内,种蝇密度中等时（5.973 头/m3）,单蝇平均产卵力最大（9.68 粒/天）;种蝇密度越大,产卵力相对越稳定,每笼总产卵数越多。同日龄的成蝇群体开始产卵后,约4天进入产卵高峰期,此期持续3～5天;一周后,产卵力开始明显下降。产卵高峰期过后,人为处死当前种群,并使另一种群的产卵高峰期接续上,可将种蝇产卵力连续维持在较高水平,这是人工饲育条件下的重要特点。     

Thermotolerance and rapid cold hardening ameliorate the negative effects of brief exposures to high or low temperatures on fecundity in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Although the immediate effects of temperature stress are well documented, the longer‐term effects of such stresses are more poorly known. In these experiments, we investigate the effects of suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures during pharate adult development on fecundity in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart. A 1 h cold shock at ?10°C during the red‐eye pharate adult stage decreases the fecundity of both sexes. Induction of rapid cold hardening by pre‐treatment at 0°C for 2 h partially prevents reproductive impairment. Heat shock of pharate adults for 1 h at 45°C also reduces fecundity in both sexes, but inducing thermotolerance by pre‐treatment at 40°C for 2 h affords protection only to females. Males heat shocked at 45°C or first pre‐treated at 40°C consistently fail to transfer sperm to the females. The injury inflicted on males by heat shock is most pronounced when the stress is administered to pharate adults or adults; wandering larvae and true pupae are unaffected. The implications of these data for naturally occurring populations are discussed.     

Reproductive performance of clonal and sexual bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the field

In Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) parthenogenetic females occur together with sexual females and with sexual males upon which they depend for sperm. In a reciprocal‐transplant experiment, I studied fecundity differences among parthenogenetic and sexual females from two populations that differ dramatically in the proportion of clonal females. In a second experiment, I studied competition between larvae from different mothers and between females from the two source populations. Fecundity measured by the number of eggs per egg tunnel was influenced by the ambient environment at the sites of the experiment as well as the origin of the female, and was generally higher for clonal than for sexual females at both sites. In experimental groups where larvae competed with larvae from their own population (pure treatments), the number of surviving pupae was significantly lower than in groups where females from the two source populations were mixed. The high fecundity of clonal females makes coexistence of the two types of females difficult to explain. It makes the reproductive advantage associated with clonality in I. acuminatus even higher than the two‐fold difference due to asexuality per sé. The significant differences in the number of pupae in mixed vs. pure groups suggest ecological divergence between sexual and clonal females. This would make the mortality of larvae not only density dependent, but also frequency dependent, which could explain the coexistence of sexual and clonal females.     

Trade‐offs between growth and reproduction: an analysis of the quantitative genetic evidence

The assumption of a trade‐off between development time and fecundity, resulting from a positive correlation between body size and fecundity and between body size and development time, is a common feature of life history models. The present paper examines the evidence for such a trade‐off as indicated by genetic correlations between traits. The genetic covariances between traits are derived using a model in which maturation occurs when the organism achieves a genetically variable size threshold, and fecundity is an allometric function of body size with one genetically variable parameter (excluding body size itself). This model predicts that the heritabilities of the life history traits (growth rate, development time, fecundity) will not necessarily be less than the heritability of adult size (i.e. morphological traits). It is shown that if growth rate is genetically correlated with adult size then it is not possible, in general, to predict the sign of the genetic correlation between development time and fecundity. For particular cases the signs of the covariances between traits can be predicted. These predictions are tested using data drawn from the literature.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

氯虫苯甲酰胺是我国蜂农防治蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida的主要杀虫剂。本研究旨在探讨氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的亚致死效应,为氯虫苯甲酰胺的合理使用提供一定的理论依据。本文采用饲料混毒法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫的毒力以及亚致死剂量LC10和LC25对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫3龄初幼虫的LC50、LC25、LC10分别为5.193 μg/g、1.678 μg/g和2.865 μg/g。以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量处理蜂巢小甲虫3龄初幼虫后,幼虫发育历期、雌预蛹期+蛹期、雄预蛹+蛹期均显著延长,且分别延长了3.38%和4.50%、10.51%和21.92%、5.26%和12.20%。LC10和LC25处理组幼虫的存活率均降低,尤其LC25处理组与对照组存在显著差异。LC10和LC25处理组漫游期幼虫重、初羽化雌虫重和初羽化雄虫重相比于对照均显著降低,且分别减轻了15.45%、21.54%、17.26%和13.47%、16.47%、16.46%。LC10和LC25处理组的产卵前期分别为7.96 d和7.47 d,比对照组显著缩短12.36 d和12.85 d;60 d内单雌产卵总量与对照组间无显著性差异,但在产卵期5~7 d时,LC25处理组的单雌产卵量显著增加。LC10和LC25处理组蜂巢小甲虫种群趋势指数低于对照组,但其种群趋势指数均远大于1,表明蜂巢小甲虫种群仍呈增长趋势,因此应加强蜂巢小甲虫的防控以及对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性监测。     

醉马草水浸液对豌豆蚜触杀活性及种群增长的影响

为探讨醉马草水浸液对豌豆蚜触杀活性及种群增长的影响,采用带虫浸叶法比较不同生育期醉马草带菌（E+）和不带菌（E-）水浸液对豌豆蚜触杀活性及种群生命表,测定了豌豆蚜的死亡率及触杀后对其生殖期,平均繁殖力,繁殖率及生命表参数的影响。结果表明,不同生育期醉马草带菌（E+）水浸液触杀豌豆蚜后对其各项指标均有显著影响。在苗期时,E+水浸液触杀豌豆蚜后校正死亡率最高,繁殖力最低,内禀增长率（r_m=0.145 d^-1）和净生殖率（R₀=4.802头）均为最小值。在成熟期时,E+水浸液触杀豌豆蚜24 h、48 h和72 h后校正死亡率分别为26.15%,19.01%,9.07%;繁殖期（3.87 d）,平均繁殖力（8.80头）,繁殖率（1.40%）,内禀增长率（r_m=0.208 d^-1）和净生殖率（R₀=8.820头）。在枯黄期时,E+水浸液触杀豌豆蚜后校正死亡率最低,繁殖力最强,内禀增长率（r_m=0.247 d^-1）和净生殖率（R₀=13.647头）均为最大值。不同生育期醉马草E-水浸液触杀豌豆蚜后对其种群繁殖无显著影响,与对照差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,苗期醉马草E+水浸液对豌豆蚜有较好的触杀效果,校正死亡率高,且触杀后当代繁殖力减弱,种群扩建时间延长,不利于其种群繁殖和增长;故苗期醉马草E+水浸液具有很好的杀虫潜力,所采用水浸液方法制备简单,成本低,可为新型植物源农药研发提供重要理论依据。     

Fecundity of commercially available convergent lady beetles,Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville,following shipment

The fecundity of Hippodamia convergens following shipment did not exceed 1.2±0.5 eggs/female/day during 7-day trials. Fecundity was higher (7.4±1.8 and 7.6±1.6) in 14-day trials. If beetles do not disperse, egg production may be expected 5 days following their release if an adequate food source and favorable local environment are provided.