70年代以来柑桔灾害性天气综述及防御措施

20世纪 70年代以来 ,我国柑桔 (Ｃｉｔｒｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ)生产有了迅速增长 ,但由于全球气候的变化 ,出现不利于柑桔生长的灾害性天气 ,并有愈演愈烈的趋势 ,给柑桔生产带来了极大的影响。弄清灾害性天气的发生及规律 ,并提出其防御措施 ,对于进一步科学指导柑桔生产 ,完善柑桔与生境的理论 ,都有一定的现实意义。1　灾害性天气1.1　周期性大冻害据统计 ,公元 14 5 0 - 1979年的 5 2 9年中共出现了 79个严重冻害年 ,平均 10年中有 1.5次。从顺昌县及福建省的气象资料看出 ,约 9～ 10年有 1次周期性的大冻害 ,并在福建省几个县市均有…     

A rapid altitudinal range expansion in the pine processionary moth produced by the 2003 climatic anomaly

Climatic anomalies may produce, or accelerate, geographic range expansions of species limited by temperature or other climatic variables. Most such expansions are only temporary, before the prevailing climatic conditions drive the founder populations extinct. In contrast, here, we report a recent rapid shift of the range limit during the record hot summer of 2003 in southern Europe that has the potential to be both permanent, and to have important implications on species range dynamics in general. The winter pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), an important pine defoliator whose larvae feed in colonies during the winter, is limited in its distribution by winter temperatures. In the last three decades, warmer winters have led to a gradual but substantial expansion of its range both latitudinally and altitudinally. In the summer of 2003, T. pityocampa underwent an extraordinary expansion to high elevation pine stands in the Italian Alps; its altitudinal range limit increased by one third of the total altitudinal expansion over the previous three decades. In an experiment, we found flight activity of newly emerged females to increase with temperature. By determining a threshold temperature for flight take‐offs under controlled conditions, we calculated that the nights above the threshold temperature were over five times more frequent, and considerably warmer, at the range limit in 2003 than in an average year. We therefore attribute the colonization of extreme, high‐elevation sites to increased nocturnal dispersal of females during the unusually warm night temperatures in June – August 2003. Importantly, the colonies established at extreme sites survived the winter and produced offspring in 2004, although the range did not expand further because of low night temperatures that year. We discuss several life‐history characteristics of T. pityocampa that maximize the likelihood of population persistence at the new range limit. As global warming continues and climatic anomalies are predicted to become more frequent, our results draw attention to the importance of extreme climatic events in the range formation of phytophagous insects.     

Fisher information for a multivariate extreme value distribution

Explicit algebraic formulae for the Fisher information matrixof the multivariate extreme value distribution with generalisedextreme value margins and logistic dependence structure aregiven.     

KELMPSP:基于核极限学习机的假尿苷修饰位点识别

假尿苷(ψ)是RNA序列中的一种化学修饰,其在基因转录过程中,由酶的催化作用而形成。它是目前所发现为数最多的一种RNA修饰,并且在正常行使生物学功能方面扮演着重要角色。因此,假尿苷修饰位点的识别是一个非常重要的研究领域。随着RNA序列数据的急速增长,基于机器学习识别假尿苷位点的方法相继提出,但其识别精度有待提高。因此,本文提出了一个新的融合核苷酸化学性质、核苷酸浓度和位置特异性的单核苷酸、双核苷酸、三核苷酸偏好特征的序列编码方式,并基于此编码方式和核极限学习机（Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, KELM）算法,构建了一个新的假尿苷位点预测器,该预测器被称为“KELMPSP”。通过Jackknife测试和独立数据集测试表明,KELMPSP明显优于现有的假尿苷位点预测器。KELMPSP可以通过网站：http://39.10577.161:8890/KELMPSP进行使用。     

Plasticity and cross‐tolerance to heterogeneous environments: divergent stress responses co‐evolved in an African fruit fly

Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed ‘cross‐tolerance’. The nature and magnitude of cross‐tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross‐tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross‐tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CT_max) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross‐tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross‐resistant than CT_max). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co‐evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross‐tolerance.     

Dry and wet periods drive rapid shifts in community assembly in an estuarine ecosystem

The impacts of changing climate regimes on emergent processes controlling the assembly of ecological communities remain poorly understood. Human alterations to the water cycle in the western United States have resulted in greater interannual variability and more frequent and severe extremes in freshwater flow. The specific mechanisms through which such extremes and climate regime shifts may alter ecological communities have rarely been demonstrated, and baseline information on current impacts of environmental variation is widely lacking for many habitats and communities. Here, we used observations and experiments to show that interannual variation in winter salinity levels in San Francisco Bay controls the mechanisms determining sessile invertebrate community composition during the following summer. We found consistent community changes in response to decadal‐scale dry and wet extremes during a 13‐year period, producing strikingly different communities. Our results match theoretical predictions of major shifts in species composition in response to environmental forcing up to a threshold, beyond which we observed mass mortality and wholesale replacement of the former community. These results provide a window into potential future community changes, with environmental forcing altering communities by shifting the relative influences of the mechanisms controlling species distributions and abundances. We place these results in the context of historical and projected future environmental variation in the San Francisco Bay Estuary.     

River ecosystem resilience to extreme flood events

Floods have a major influence in structuring river ecosystems. Considering projected increases in high‐magnitude rainfall events with climate change, major flooding events are expected to increase in many regions of the world. However, there is uncertainty about the effect of different flooding regimes and the importance of flood timing in structuring riverine habitats and their associated biotic communities. In addition, our understanding of community response is hindered by a lack of long‐term datasets to evaluate river ecosystem resilience to flooding. Here we show that in a river ecosystem studied for 30 years, a major winter flood reset the invertebrate community to a community similar to one that existed 15 years earlier. The community had not recovered to the preflood state when recurrent summer flooding 9 years later reset the ecosystem back to an even earlier community. Total macroinvertebrate density was reduced in the winter flood by an order of magnitude more than the summer flood. Meiofaunal invertebrates were more resilient to the flooding than macroinvertebrates, possibly due to their smaller body size facilitating greater access to in‐stream refugia. Pacific pink salmon escapement was markedly affected by the winter flood when eggs were developing in redds, compared to summer flooding, which occurred before the majority of eggs were laid. Our findings inform a proposed conceptual model of three possible responses to flooding by the invertebrate community in terms of switching to different states and effects on resilience to future flooding events. In a changing climate, understanding these responses is important for river managers to mitigate the biological impacts of extreme flooding effects.