国家重点生态功能区城市与毗邻非生态功能区城市绿色发展水平测度与时空差异

以黑龙江省为主体的中国北方森林湿地生态功能区及毗邻地区作为实证研究区域,从绿色生产、绿色生活、绿色生态三个维度构建绿色发展水平测度指标体系,运用熵权-TOPSIS评价法、障碍度模型、趋势移动平均模型等方法,对2009—2018年期间长白山森林生态功能区、三江平原湿地生态功能区、大小兴安岭森林生态功能区及毗邻的非生态功能对照区绿色发展水平进行了动态测度和时空差异比较、评估了绿色转型发展速度、识别并分析了障碍因素作用,预测了绿色发展趋势水平。主要结论如下：(1)区域自然生态本底优质,但各功能区绿色发展水平相对较低,绿色指数均低于0.6;十年间各功能区绿色发展水平呈小幅上升趋势。城市间绿色发展整体水平的最大差距徘徊在0.16—0.17之间,呈微弱缩小态势。(2)从3个时间节点各功能区整体绿色发展空间格局上看,长白山森林生态功能区处于较高水平,三江平原湿地生态功能区水平偏低。大小兴安岭森林生态功能区绿色发展水平上升幅度较大,毗邻对照区则较小。高水平类型城市数量有所增加,由1个增加至3个,低水平地区数量下降,由4个下降至2个,并呈向高水平转变的趋势。(3)区域绿色转型效果总体不显著,转型速度缓慢...     

Palmitic acid acutely stimulates glucose uptake via activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in skeletal muscle cells

Chronic exposure to saturated fatty acids can cause insulin resistance. However, the acute effects of fatty acids are not clear and need to be elucidated because plasma fatty acid concentrations fluctuate postprandially. Here, we present the acute effects of palmitate (PA) on skeletal muscle cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Immuno-fluorescence results showed that PA rapidly induced GLUT4 translocation and stimulated glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cell line L6. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, and extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was enhanced by PA in a time-dependent manner. Cell surface-bound PA was sufficient to stimulate Akt phosphorylation. The inhibitors of PI3 kinase (PI3K), AMPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 could decrease PA-induced glucose uptake, and PI3K inhibitor decreased AMPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Weakening AMPK activity reduced phosphorylation of Akt but not ERK1/2, and Akt inhibitor could not affect ERK1/2 activation either. Meanwhile, ERK1/2 inhibitors had no effect on Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that PA-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells may be stimulated by the binding of PA to cell surface and followed by PI3K/AMPK/Akt and PI3K/ERK1/2 pathways independently.     

Zebrafish tenascin-W,a new member of the tenascin family

A cDNA clone encoding tenascin-W, a novel member of the tenascin family, was isolated from a 20- to 28-h postfertilization (hpf) zebrafish cDNA library on the basis of the conserved epidermal growth factor-like domains represented in all tenascin molecules. An open reading frame of 2796 base pairs encodes a mature protein consisting of heptad repeats, a cysteine-rich amino terminal region, 3.5 epidermal growth factor-like repeats, five fibronectin type III homologous repeats, and a domain homologous to fibrinogen. These domains are the typical modular elements of molecules of the tenascin family. Sequence comparison demonstrated that TN-W shares homologies with the members of the tenascin family but is not a species homolog of any identified tenascin. The expression pattern of tn-w was analyzed by in situ hybridization in 1-day-old embryos, in 3-day-old larvae, and in juvenile zebrafish. At 24–25 hpf, tn-w mRNA was expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm, most conspicuously in the presumptive sclerotome. Migrating cells of sclerotomal and neural crest origins also showed high levels of expression. At 3 days, expression by sclerotomal and neural crest cells continued to be observed while expression in the somitic mesoderm was decreased. In juvenile fish, tn-w was expressed weakly by cells in the myosepta and, more strongly, by presumably nonneuronal cells in the dorsal root ganglia. In these tissues and at the same developmental stages, the expression of tn-w partially overlapped with the distribution of tn-c mRNA. In addition, tn-c was expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the axial mesoderm, neither of which expressed tn-w at any of the age stages examined. The expression pattern of tn-w suggests an involvement in neural crest and sclerotome cell migration and in the formation of the skeleton. Similar and possibly overlapping functions could also be performed by tn-c, which appears to have additional functions during the development of the CNS. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 35: 1–16, 1998     

Computing the selection gradient and evolutionary response of an infinite-dimensional trait

 Following the results developed in a previous paper, an equation describing the evolutionary response to selection is extended from finite- to infinite-dimensional traits. The selection gradient and evolutionary response are then computed for a large class of infinite-dimensional traits of broad biological interest. In this framework, traits are modeled as Gaussian processes, and reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces constitute a primary tool. Received 12 September 1996     

Trans-regulation of Syndecan Functions by Hetero-oligomerization

Syndecans, a family of transmembrane heparansulfate proteoglycans, are known to interact through their transmembrane domains to form non-covalently linked homodimers, a process essential for their individual functions. Because all syndecan transmembrane domains are highly conserved and thus might mediate interactions between different members of the syndecan family, we investigated syndecan interactions in detail. All recombinant syndecan-2 and -4 protein variants containing the transmembrane domain formed not only sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-resistant homodimers but also SDS-resistant heterodimers. Biochemical and structural data revealed that recombinant syndecan-2 and -4 formed intermolecular interactions in vitro, and the GXXXG motif in transmembrane domain mediated this interaction. When exogenously expressed in rat embryonic fibroblasts, syndecan-2 interacted with syndecan-4 and vice versa. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation-based assay demonstrated specific hetero-molecular interactions between syndecan-2 and -4, supporting hetero-oligomer formation of syndecans in vivo. Interestingly, hetero-oligomerization significantly reduced syndecan-4-mediated cellular processes such as protein kinase Cα activation and protein kinase Cα-mediated cell adhesion as well as syndecan-2-mediated tumorigenic activities in colon cancer cells such as migration and anchorage-independent growth. Taken together, these data provide evidence that hetero-oligomerization produces distinct syndecan functions and offer insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of syndecans.     

利用锌特异性探针HL~1示踪植物细胞外Zn~(2+)的分布

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和谷子(Setaria italic)为研究材料,利用锌特异性探针HL1,使用荧光分光光度仪、等温滴定热量测定仪(ITC200)和倒置荧光显微镜等仪器探究了该化学探针的特性以及植物细胞外游离Zn~(2+)的分布。结果表明,当HL1与不同元素溶液混合时,只与Zn~(2+)特异性结合,在紫外光(UV)激发下,发射出波长为500 nm的蓝色荧光;生成物的平衡解离常数KD=7.02×10–4 mol·L–1,具有很好的稳定性。拟南芥叶片中的Zn~(2+)分布于细胞间隙及叶表皮毛的外周和表层,且叶表皮毛的荧光强度具有明显的浓度依赖性;谷子叶片中的Zn~(2+)分布在细胞间隙以及维管组织。拟南芥根中的Zn~(2+)分布于根的伸长区,且荧光强度也明显地表现出与浓度相关。由此推断,根伸长区与Zn~(2+)运输有关,叶的维管组织是植物细胞外运输Zn~(2+)的主要途径,细胞间隙和叶表皮毛是植物储存Zn~(2+)的主要区域。HL1适用于检测细胞外Zn~(2+)的分布。     

Cellular and molecular aspects of muscle growth,adaptation and ageing

Although major advances have been made over the past few decades in prosthetic dentistry, deterioration in oral function and altered facial appearance are still common accompaniments of ageing. Molecular biology methods now allow us to understand these age-related changes at the level of gene expression. Muscle loss as well as bone loss still present major problems, the magnitude of which increases as the age profile of our society changes. Both muscle and bone tissue respond to mechanical signals for which bone depends on muscle and for muscle, stretch has been shown to be important as it induces protein synthesis and an increase in girth as well as length of the muscle fibres. The latter involves the production of more sarcomeres in series so that the jaw muscles adapt to a new functional length following changes in vertical dimension of occlusion. It also determines the postural position of the lower jaw. In our investigations into the control of muscle mass we have recently cloned a growth factor which is expressed in exercised and/or overloaded muscles. This comes in two forms: an autocrine or local form and a paracrine or systemic form. Both growth factors influence muscle growth markedly and it is probable that the systemic type is also involved in maintenance of bone. The discovery of these growth factors provides the mechanisms by which mechanical signals are transduced into chemical signals that in turn regulate gene expression and protein synthesis.     

管控视角下生态空间与生态保护红线关系研究

国土空间规划背景下, 生态保护红线是在生态空间的现有基础上提出管控要求, 但其与各类生态空间的管控要求之间是否兼容以及如何协调, 仍需要梳理。本研究首先将生态空间划分为自然和管理两大属性和宏观、中观和微观三个层次进行类型体系梳理; 然后, 基于管控视角, 从管理目标、管控内容与管控强度三方面着重探讨13类生态空间与生态保护红线的差异。在管控目标方面, 两者的支持与调节目标兼容度较高, 供给与文化目标定位差异较大; 在管控内容方面, 差异主要表现在培育修复类和人工利用类; 在管控强度方面, 生态保护红线两级管控强度和生态空间三级管控强度不完全匹配。建议以“两大属性三个层次”系统完善生态空间类型体系, 从管理目标、管控内容与管控强度三方面进行生态空间管控要求体系化构建; 进一步完善生态保护红线管控内容和管控强度, 使其与对应的各类生态空间管控要求更好地协调。     

Equally Parsimonious Pathways Through an RNA Sequence Space Are Not Equally Likely

An experimental system for determining the potential ability of sequences resembling 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to perform as functional 5S rRNAs in vivo in the Escherichia coli cellular environment was devised previously. Presumably, the only 5S rRNA sequences that would have been fixed by ancestral populations are ones that were functionally valid, and hence the actual historical paths taken through RNA sequence space during 5S rRNA evolution would have most likely utilized valid sequences. Herein, we examine the potential validity of all sequence intermediates along alternative equally parsimonious trajectories through RNA sequence space which connect two pairs of sequences that had previously been shown to behave as valid 5S rRNAs in E. coli. The first trajectory requires a total of four changes. The 14 sequence intermediates provide 24 apparently equally parsimonious paths by which the transition could occur. The second trajectory involves three changes, six intermediate sequences, and six potentially equally parsimonious paths. In total, only eight of the 20 sequence intermediates were found to be clearly invalid. As a consequence of the position of these invalid intermediates in the sequence space, seven of the 30 possible paths consisted of exclusively valid sequences. In several cases, the apparent validity/invalidity of the intermediate sequences could not be anticipated on the basis of current knowledge of the 5S rRNA structure. This suggests that the interdependencies in RNA sequence space may be more complex than currently appreciated. If ancestral sequences predicted by parsimony are to be regarded as actual historical sequences, then the present results would suggest that they should also satisfy a validity requirement and that, in at least limited cases, this conjecture can be tested experimentally. Received: 27 August 1996 / Accepted: 14 April 1997