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51.
Seasonal changes and yearly gross canopy photosynthetic production were estimated for an 18 year old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) forest between 1982 and 1984. A canopy photosynthesis model was applied for the estimation, which took into account the
effect of light interception by the non-photosynthetic organs. Seasonal changes in photosynthetic ability, amount of canopy
leaf area and light environment within the canopy were also taken into account. Amount of leaf area was estimated by the leaf
area growth of a single leaf. The change of light environment within the canopy during the growing season was estimated with
a light penetration model and the leaf increment within the canopy. Canopy respiration and surplus production were calculated
as seasonal and yearly values for the three years studied. Mean yearly estimates of canopy photosynthesis, canopy respiration
and surplus production were 37, 13 and 23 tCO2 ha−1 year−1, respectively. Vertical trend, seasonal changes and yearly values of the estimates were analyzed in relation to environmental
and stand factors. 相似文献
52.
Activities of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) were measured in leaf extracts of field grown Amaranthus paniculatus L. (C4 ) during a natural diurnal irradiance and temperature pattern. Enzyme assays were run at both fixed (30°C) and the corresponding leaf temperature at the time of harvest. Light activation of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) at fixed assay temperatures was expressed as a decrease in S0–5 (PEP) after a threshold (> 330 μmol m–2 s–1 ) photon fluence rate was surpassed at noon. Earlier in the morning, increase in apparent enzyme affinity for PEP was observed when the assay was run at leaf temperature, indicating a physiologically meaningfull effect of temperature on S0.5 (PEP). The 3.3-fold increase in PEPCase activity at low PEP and fixed assay temperature between the minimal and maximal irradiance and temperature hours of the day, became 12.8-, 11.5- and 7.4-fold when assays were run at the corresponding leaf temperature during three diurnal cycles with respective temperature differences (max minus min) of 9.0, 8.3 and 7.4°C. The extent of malate inhibition was the same for both day and night forms of PEPCase assayed at 35°C, but increased considerably with night enzyme at 25°C. The results indicate that light increases the apparent affinity of PEPCase for PEP and that at lower temperatures malate becomes more inhibitory. Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase activity started to increase immediately after sunrise and the 10-fold increase at fixed temperature became 14.8-, 14.2- and 13.1-fold when assays were run at the above leaf temperatures. This indicates that the light effect predominates with pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, while with phosphoenolpyravate carboxylase, light and temperature co-operate to increase the day enzyme activities. 相似文献
53.
54.
以玉米根微粒体为材料进行的微量放射配体结合(MRLB)实验表明玉米根微粒体膜上存在着ABA结合位点,ABA与ABA结合蛋白(ABA-BP)结合的最适pH为6.5,结合反应对温度(0℃和25℃)不太敏感,ABA与ABA-BP的结合反应是一个动态平衡过程,5min即可达最大结合(Bmax)的50%,30min达到最大结合,1h内基本保持不变。胰蛋白酶处理表明此结合位点为蛋白质,冻融实验则表明此蛋白与ABA的结合不仅要求其自身具有特定构象而且需要有一定的膜脂环境,DTT处理实验结果显示ABA-BP中可能存在着二硫键。逆境处理可以提高玉米根微粒体膜对ABA的结合活性,盐胁迫、渗透胁迫、干旱胁迫和热冲激处理分别使结合活性上升34.9%、17.8%、23.1%和13.3%。 相似文献
55.
56.
本文研究了半翅目长蝽科盐长蝽亚科(Henestarinae)的外部形态,希图为长蝽总科复合体的系统发育研究提供资料。材料选用盐长蝽HenestarisoschaniniBergroth1919和卤长蝽EngistussalinusJakovlev1874,分别作为该亚科3个成员属中两个属(即盐长蝽属HenestarisSpinola1839和卤长蝽属EngistusFieber1864)的代表。文章还初步提出了该亚科的一些共有新征,并作了有关讨论,认为此分类单元为一单系群。 相似文献
57.
E. Igartua 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,91(6-7):1016-1021
Spatial variability in salt-affected fields is normally very high. Thus, most salinity affected lands are actually comprised of many micro-environments, ranging from low to high salinity in the same field. The evidence on testing genotypes across a broad range of salinity levels shows that the genotype-by-salinity level interaction is commonly large. Thus, breeding for saline areas can be compared to what has been known as breeding for wide adaptation. The target environments both for breeding for saline soils or for wide adaptation are actually a population of many possible environments, for which there exists a significant component of genotype-by-environment(G x E) interaction. Thus it is possible to study the merit of potential strategies for breeding for salinity tolerance using the tools that have been developed for the study of breeding for wide adaptation. The evidence from selection and breeding experiments for wide adaptation seems to favour testing on a representative subset of environments, including stress and non-stress locations; but the choice of these locations is complicated by the multidimensional nature of G x E. However, in the case of salt stress, the crop-yield response functions to salinity are well known. This paper presents an attempt to systematise the choice of the optimum environment(s) to select for improved yield under saline soil conditions, based on the three-piece linear equation presented by Maas and Hoffman (1977) and the theory of direct and indirect responses to selection. It is proposed that three saline levels should be enough to make a valid estimation of the suitability of a number of selection strategies. A worked example with data from a set of grain sorghum inbred lines tested on ten saline levels shows that the same selection strategies would be chosen using the information from the ten saline levels as that obtained using the two extremes and one intermediate level. 相似文献
58.
Experiments on plants are often carried out in growth chambers or greenhouses which necessitate the use of an artificial rooting
environment, though this is seldom characterized in detail. Measurements were made to compare the rooting environment in large
boxes (0.25 m3) with that in small pots (0.19, 0.55 and 1.90 dm3) in naturally lit chambers.
Diurnal temperature fluctuations of 14.6, 11.6 and 7.7°C occurred in the post compared with only 1.9°C in the boxes. Soil
drying to a matric potential of-50 kPa was approximately 25 times faster in the pots. The mean heights of 2 year old Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings grown throughout their second growing season in the three sizes of pots were 38, 62 and 92% of the
mean height of those grown in the boxes. Soil solution nutrient concentrations in the boxes were considerably increased by
soil drying, an aspect which seems to have received little attention in experiments involving artificially imposed drought.
An alternative system of constraining the roots of individual plants within nylon fabric bags, embedded in larger volumes
of soil, to facilitate harvesting of complete root systems is described. The importance of the rooting environment in determining
the outcome of physiological experiments is also briefly discussed. 相似文献
59.
We studied the spatial distribution of fruits and plants, mortality and growth rates ofScaphium macropodum (Sterculiaceae) in four 1-ha plots in a tropical rain forest in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The species is a large deciduous
tree and produces wind-dispersed fruits on defoliated twigs. The density of dispersed fruits on the ground decreased with
increasing distance from a parent tree. The area under the parent's crown had the highest density of the fruits and the highest
mortality of the seedlings immediately after germination. Consequently, the density of the established seedlings peaked 14
m from the tree which is outside its crown. Thick litter mainly from the parent tree seemed to physically prevent the seedlings'
root from reaching the soil surface and caused the high mortality. Juvenile and mature trees distributed exclusively, suggesting
that regeneration is the most successful outside of the crown of mature trees. Saplings under canopy shade did not grow well.Scaphium macropodum is hypothesized to require a gap for seedling growth and successful regeneration, whereas it can germinate and last under
closed canopies as suppressed seedlings or saplings. 相似文献
60.
Defenses against oxidative stress in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki and effects of acute exposure to metals 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Since a general pathway of toxicity induced bypollutants is the enhancement of reactive oxygenspecies, biochemical responses associated withvariations in the antioxidant cellular system havebeen often proposed as biomarkers ofpollutant-mediated toxicity associated with oxidativestress. Antarctic organisms live in an extremeenvironment characterized by low water temperature,high level of dissolved oxygen, presence of ice andstrong seasonal changes in light intensity andavailability of food, conditions which could influenceboth the formation of reactive oxygen species and themechanisms for their removal. In this respect andconsidering the utility of this as a key species formonitoring marine Antarctic environment it was ofinterest to investigate the antioxidant defense systemof the scallop Adamussium colbecki.The parameters examined in the digestive gland of thescallop were the concentration of glutathione and theactivity of several glutathione dependent andantioxidant enzymes (glyoxalase I and II, glutathioneS-transferases, glutathione peroxidases, glutathionereductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase). Very highlevels of catalase suggest a possible adaptation toAntarctic extreme conditions, while the highactivities of glutathione S-transferases are moreprobably related to the feeding behavior of Pectinids.Enzymes from Adamussium colbecki generallyappeared to be active at low temperatures but, with afew exceptions, their activities increased with risingtemperature. Exposure of A. colbecki tosublethal concentrations of Cu or Hg resulted in asignificant reduction in the levels of totalglutathione and in the activity of catalase andglutathione S-transferases. Antioxidant responses ofA. colbecki could represent a useful tool inassessing the biological impact of environmentalpollutants in the Antarctic ecosystems. 相似文献