遗传学实验（十五）两倍体细胞株培养

实验原理 组织培养是把动物或植物细胞自机体取出放在玻 璃器皿里,选择和控制某些外界条件,使细胞继续分裂 生长的一种基础性实验技术;现在已广泛应用于生理 学、免疫学、病毒学、遗传学等方面,对细胞分化、发育、 肿瘤发生以及染色体研究等领域起着很大的作用。     

Hybridisation between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and tetraploid Brassica rapa under field conditions

Cross-compatible relatives of crop species contribute to the uncertainty regarding the potential risk of transgene escape from genetically modified varieties. The most successful crossing partner of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is diploid Brassica rapa L. Variation of ploidy level among B. rapa cultivars has, until recently, been neglected in the context of gene flow and hybridisation with oilseed rape. We estimated the extent of hybridisation between autotetraploid B. rapa varieties (female) and B. napus (pollen donor) under experimental field conditions. Morphology, variation of relative DNA amount, and microsatellite markers were used to distinguish between intraspecific offspring of tetraploid B. rapa and interspecific hybrids with B. napus. Of 517 seed progenies of tetraploid B. rapa, 45 juvenile plants showed species specific morphological traits of oilseed rape. The detection of putative hybrids based on variation in relative DNA amounts was problematic due to the occurrence of aneuploidy. In total, 84 offspring showed relative DNA amounts deviating from tetraploid B. rapa, four of which were hexaploids. Of the 205 offspring analysed at three microsatellite loci, 67 had oilseed rape alleles. Based on molecular evidence a minimum hybridisation rate of 13.0% was estimated. A few mother plants accounted for the majority of hybrids. The mean pollen viability of hybrids between B. napus and tetraploid B. rapa (80.6%) was high in comparison with mean pollen viability of triploid hybrids between B. napus and diploid B. rapa. Therefore, the occurrence of tetraploid B. rapa should be taken into consideration when estimating the likelihood of gene flow from oilseed rape to close relatives at the landscape level. Tetraploid B. rapa is a common component of several seed mixtures and establishes feral populations in northwest Germany. Assuming a similar abundance of diploid and tetraploid B. rapa, gene flow from B. napus to tetraploid may be more likely than gene flow to diploid B. rapa.     

正交设计法优选妇宁康凝胶剂的基质配方

目的优选妇宁康凝胶剂的基质配方。方法通过体外释药试验,采用HPLC法测定接收液中甘草酸含量,并计算甘草酸释药速率;以甘草酸释药速率为筛选指标,采用L9（3^4）正交试验对妇宁康凝胶剂的的基质配方进行优选。结果妇宁康凝胶剂的最佳基质配方为：卡伯姆2％,甘油5％,EDTA-2Na0．006％,丙二醇10％,三乙醇胺约1g。结论甘草酸体外释药符合Higuchi方程,配方中甘油和丙二醇的含量为主要影响因素,有极显著影响。     

Functional trade‐offs increase species diversity in experimental plant communities

Functional trade‐offs have long been recognised as important mechanisms of species coexistence, but direct experimental evidence for such mechanisms is extremely rare. Here, we test the effect of one classical trade‐off – a negative correlation between seed size and seed number – by establishing microcosm plant communities with positive, negative and no correlation between seed size and seed number and analysing the effect of the seed size/number correlation on species richness. Consistent with theory, a negative correlation between seed size and seed number led to a higher number of species in the communities and a corresponding wider range of seed size (a measure of functional richness) by promoting coexistence of large‐ and small‐seeded species. Our study provides the first direct evidence that a seed size/number trade‐off may contribute to species coexistence, and at a wider context, demonstrates the potential role of functional trade‐offs in maintaining species diversity.     

Medical students as medical educators: opportunities for skill development in the absence of formal training programs

All physicians, at some point in their career, are responsible for the education of their peers and junior colleagues. Although medical students are expected to develop clinical and research skills in preparation for residency, it is becoming clear that a student should also be expected to develop abilities as a teacher. A handful of institutions have student-as-teacher programs to train medical students in education, but most students graduate from medical school without formal training in this area. When such a program does not exist, medical students can gain experience in education through participation in peer teaching, course design, educational committees, and medical education scholarship. In doing so, they attain important skills in the development, implementation, and evaluation of educational programs. These skills will serve them in their capacity as medical educators as they advance in their careers and gain increasing teaching responsibility as residents, fellows, and attending physicians.     

大豆根瘤菌HH103菌株培养基的筛选与优化

以快生型大豆根瘤菌HH103菌株为供试菌株,采用单因素碳氮源利用试验和正交设计试验,确定最佳培养基及其配方。结果表明：该菌株在YMA中生长良好,最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为酵母膏,最佳培养基成分配方（g/L）：蔗糖11,酵母膏0.9,K2HPO4 0.5,MnSO4 0.005,CaCl2 0.1,KH2PO4 0.5,MgSO4 0.2,KNO30.77,（NH4）2HPO4 0.33,FeCl3 0.005,pH 7.2。     

应用正交试验筛选玫瑰茎段增殖培养基

以玫瑰茎段为试材,6-BA、NAA、GA3及蔗糖为试验因子,每因子设置3个含量水平,以不同培养基的增殖系数为测定指标,通过L9(3^4)正交试验,筛选出1种宜于玫瑰茎段增殖培养的理想培养基,即MS 6-BA1．0mg／L NAA0．01mg／L GA30．05mg／L 蔗糖35g／L。     

国外继续教育模式对我国继续医学教育的启示

分析国外先进继续教育模式,总结我国继续教育存在的问题和困难,主要包括：法律法规不健全、形式相对单一、培养模式普教化、市场运行机制尚未健全、实践教学相对薄弱、师资队伍建设滞后。借鉴国外经验提出几点启示：健全医学继续教育法律法规及监控体系、加强校企合作、完善市场机制、加强实践教学、完善评估体系。     

INFLUENCE OF UV-B RADIATION ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY A NATURAL ASSEMBLAGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON

A 7‐day mesocosm experiment was conducted in July 1996 to investigate the effects of ambient UV‐B radiation (UVBR) exclusion and two UVBR enhancements above ambient levels on NO₃^?, NH₄⁺ and urea utilization in a natural plankton community (<240 μm) from the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary. The phytoplankton community was dominated by diatoms during the first 3 days and, afterward, by flagellates and dinoflagellates. The results of 4‐h incubations just below the water surface show that, compared with ambient UVBR conditions, UVBR exclusion generally increased NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, and urea uptakes. During the last 4 days of the experiment, the percent increase in the specific uptake rate of urea under excluded UVBR conditions varied between 17% and 130% and was a linear function of the ambient UVBR dose removed. During the first 3 days, the phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms was able to withstand UVBR enhancements without any perceptible effect on nitrogen uptake. However, during the post‐diatom bloom period, UVBR enhancements resulted in decreases in NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, and urea uptake compared with ambient UVBR conditions. The reduction of urea uptake under UVBR enhancements during the last 3 days varied between 23% and 64% and was linearly related to the enhanced UVBR dose. However, the different UVBR treatments did not affect the internal organic nitrogen composition (internal urea, free amino acids, and proteins) of the phytoplankton community experiencing vertical mixing in the mesocosms. The discrepancy between short‐term uptake measurements at the surface and long‐term effects in the mesocosms emphasizes the importance of vertical mixing on UVBR effects in natural ecosystems. This suggests that an increase in ambient UVBR would have a minimal effect on nitrogen utilization by natural phytoplankton assemblages if these are vertically mixed.